Blood Pattern Analysis and the Chamberlain Case Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The head park ranger arrived and he was shown the blood and some torn blanket with blood on it. The remaining part was the work of the police who decided to look at the bloodstain on the clothes. Some tourists came across the baby s jumpsuit that was slightly torn. It was near a dingo s layer. The pleats were still on but it was pulled off. According to the baby s mother, she was wearing clothes that were not found. The police arrived at the scene and folded the jumpsuit. The television crew had arrived at the scene and this led to a lot of speculations on what might have happened to the baby. All the rumors and speculations initiated suspicion that the Chamberlain family might have been involved in their daughter s death. Claims from the police indicated that there were bloodstains, which matched Lindy s blood near the caves of Ayers Rock. Initially, they had also suspected that the blood at the tent could not belong to the baby (Crispin, 2012). After a few tests were conducted, i t was realized that there was enough saturation of blood, which might have resulted in the death of the baby. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Pattern Analysis and the Chamberlain Case or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page From the testimonies that were given by the blood, experts and professionals were enough to indicate that Lindy Chamberlain and her husband were involved in the murder of their daughter. However, Azaria s clothing was found four years later and was enough to make them be released. At the same time, it is official that the case will remain unsolved. From this case, it clear to understand the importance of having bloodstain analysis professionals at the scene of the crime. The involvement by unprofessional individuals might interfere with the evidence and blood spatter (Crispin, 2012).

American Foreign Policy The Civil War And The Conflict...

American foreign policy has forever been a controversial topic in international discussions. Questions regarding America’s military presence, intent and use of force have long been centers of controversy and debate. Recent American involvements in the Syrian Civil War and the conflict with ISIS have raised questions about the ethics of US involvement and her justifications for force. As ISIS began to grow stronger and the list of crimes it committed began to augment, America began to use force to combat ISIS’s growth citing legal American precedents and humanitarian urgency as the major justifications for involvement. However, critics of American involvement contend that America’s involvement violates both American and international law,†¦show more content†¦One of the more notable of these crimes was the treatment of the ethnic Yazidis. The Yazidis are an ethnic minority living in Iraq that are one of the few groups that are not Muslim, and therefore we re deemed to be infidels by ISIS dogma. In 2014, thousands of Yazidis were trapped on Mount Sinjar and were on the verge of being victims of an imminent genocide at the hands of ISIS. So President Obama carried out airstrikes against ISIS forces stating, â€Å"we have a mandate to help ... and when we have the unique capabilities to avert a massacre, then I believe the United States of America cannot turn a blind eye† (LaFranchi 2014). Aside from the humanitarian side to strike ISIS, the United States carried out airstrikes to â€Å"protect American personnel† in the region (Salman and Spetalnick, 2014). On August 8, 2014 President Obama authorized airstrikes on advancing ISIS forces to protect the â€Å"US consulate and military advising teams† stationed in Erbil (LaFranchi 2014). Notwithstanding, the Obama Administration’s most pressing reason for using military measures against ISIS is the â€Å"imminent threats to national security† that ISIS p osed to the United States (Mulrine 2014). To justify the immediate threat to national security, President Obama evoked two legal precedents as grounds for military involvement; the Authorization for Use of Military Force Act (AUMF) of 2001 and the War Powers Act. The AUMF was passed by the Bush Administration in the wake of

Interview Questions and Answers Free Essays

How are you qualified for this position? I believe that I am qualified for this position because of my knowledge and skills within the networking and database fields. I have developed these skills through previous work experiences and also by completing my bachelor’s degree program in Network Communications Management. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Interview Questions and Answers or any similar topic only for you Order Now What are your strengths? I have many strengths and skills that I have acquired through life experiences, job history, and from school. I think the major strengths that I have acquired are loyalty, dedicated work ethic, and patience. 3. What are your weaknesses? The current weakness or challenges I face in a work environment is my kindness. Sometimes people can take advantage of a person who Is too kind, which can be difficult in a work environment. I am working on resolving this problem by identifying those who are trying to take advantage of me and resolving the issue by confronting them. 4. What are your short-term goals? The most Important short-term goal right now Is to establish a great work environment where I received employment. I also want to be sure I am exceeding expectations in order to receive great responsibility and growth within the company. 5. What are your long-term goals? My long term goal is to continue to expand my knowledge in the database and networking fields. I would like to be at a place where I am able to manage and train other coworkers in order to help grow my company. 6. What can you contribute to this company? I can contribute all of the skills I have learned In my previous database and networking environments. Also, I will be sure that my work, projects, and assignments re all done professionally and in a timely matter. 7. Why are you interested In working for our firm? I am interested in growing my experiences and knowledge in the database and networking fields. I feel that this company will help nourish my skills and keep myself actively learning new technologies. 8. Why are you applying for this position? I am applying tort this position because I know that I nave what I t takes to get the work required completed. I will also be able to contribute the skills I have learned in the database and networking fields. How to cite Interview Questions and Answers, Papers

Media and Crime free essay sample

Media and Crime What is crime? A normative definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave normally. This approach considers the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime and seeks to understand how changing social, political, psychological, and economic conditions may affect changing definitions of crime and the form of the legal, law- enforcement, and penal responses made by society. These structural realities remain fluid and often contentious. For example: as cultures change and the political nvironment shifts, societies may criminalize or decriminalize certain behaviors, which will directly affect the statistical crime rates, influence the allocation of resources for the enforcement of laws, and (re-)influence the general public opinion. Similarly, changes in the collection and/or calculation of data on crime may affect the public perceptions of the extent of any given crime problem. All such adjustments to crime statistics, allied with the experience of people in their everyday lives, shape attitudes on the extent to which the State should use law or social engineering to enforce or encourage any particular social norm. We will write a custom essay sample on Media and Crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Behavior can be controlled and influenced in many ways without having to resort to the criminal Justice system. Indeed, in those cases where no clear consensus exists on a given norm, the drafting of criminal law by the group in power to prohibit the behavior of another group may seem to some observers an improper limitation of the second groups freedom, and the ordinary members of society have less respect for the law or laws in general † whether the authorities actually enforce the disputed law or not. Mass Media and Crime The relationship between the criminal Justice system and the media system has been he subject of research, speculation, and commentary throughout the twentieth century. This relationship may be understood in terms of dependency relations operative between these massive systems. Put most simply, neither the media nor the criminal Justice system could operate effectively without the other. The criminal justice system is a resource for the media system in that it affords one of the common sources of news and entertainment stories. The classical surrogate scout role of the media, whereby they monitor the environment for actual and potential threats to individual and collective welfare, affords a powerful way for the media to ttract their audiences. People must constantly update their understanding and ability to orient themselves to the environments in which they act. Media crime stories, whether the news or entertainment genre, instruct and update these understandings. Commercial media organizations translate this relationship with their audience into the profit that flows from advertisers. The media systems capacities to reach vast audiences of citizens and policymakers also positions it as an essential resource for the criminal Justice system and all of its attendant Judicial and law enforcement organizations. For the criminal Justice system to operate effectively, legitimacy, and media storytelling can profoundly affect this process. Allocation of scarce resources to the criminal Justice system also depends upon success in the struggle to get its story positively framed and widely disseminated to media audiences. These macro dependency relations serve as context for examinations of specific aspects of media, criminal Justice, public, and decision-maker relations. Research attention has been given to the dependency relations between Journalists and the police, courts, and Jails. The impact of Journalism on public perceptions of he criminal Justice system, and on public attitudes toward specific cases†including the attitudes of potential and actual Jurors†has been another frequent focus. The right of Journalists to protect sources by not disclosing their names has also come under scrutiny from time to time. While Journalism may be the media profession with the most legitimate claim to exercise influence over the criminal Justice system, it is by no means the only way the media exercise such influence. Entertainment media have also been studied and criticized for their influence over public perceptions of he people and institutions that comprise the criminal Justice system. A striking amount of television programming has in one way or another (e. g. , through comedy, mystery, drama, biography, docudrama, and soap opera) been centered on police, lawyers, Judges, criminals, and victims of crime. The effects on public attitudes and behavior that these portrayals may have brought about have received considerable research attention. Media portrayals of violence, largely in television but also in movies and†increasingly in the 1990s†recorded music, have been studied in part for their potential to inspire real-life criminal behavior. Exposure to violent media content has been argued in criminal defenses as a mitigating factor in the guilt of defendants. Since the early 1980s a television genre has emerged that is part journalism (in that it purports to deal with reality and with important subjects) and in no small part entertainment (in that it is dramatic, enhanced with music and special effects, and often includes actors playing various roles). Shows such as Cops, Americas Most Wanted, and Unsolved Mysteries combine footage of actual arrests, interviews with people involved in crimes, and other documentary information with n assortment of dramatic elements to create a new sort of quasi-Journalism scorned by professional Journalists but very popular. While not yet the focus of much research attention, the emergence of such shows is occasionally credited for a perceived decline in the quality of broadcast Journalism, which may have an indirect effect on the Justice system. Media Consumption and Public Attitude towards Crime and Justice Our society is fascinated with crime and Justice. From films, books, newspapers, Magazines, television broadcasts, to everyday conversations, we are constantly engaging in Crime talk. The mass media play an important role in the construction of criminality and the Criminal Justice system. The publics perception of victims, criminals, deviants, and law enforcement officials is largely determined by their portrayal in the mass media.

Appraising the Secretaries at City U free essay sample

Do you think that the experts recommendations will be sufficient to get most of the administrators to fill out the rating forms properly? Why? Why not? What additional actions (if any) do you think will be necessary? While controversial, the recommendations would, in fact, encourage administrators to fill the forms out correctly. Using the more detailed form and not tying the performance ratings to salary increases would allow the managers to feel more free about rating the secretaries accurately. There would, however, need to be some strong training sessions (both for administrators and secretaries) to help them understand the new system. Since all secretaries have traditionally received the same salary increases, and have been pleased with that, it would be advisable to consider lowering the maximum increase to an amount that could be given to all secretaries while staying within budget. Then all secretaries with a satisfactory rating or better would receive that increase. We will write a custom essay sample on Appraising the Secretaries at City U or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The experts recommended several things: 1. Change the form used to rate the secretaries and use a more clear and specific form : a sample graphic rating form. It is the most popular method that lists traits and performance values for each trait. The administrator then has to check the score that best describes the performance for each trait. 2. The VP should not force the administrators to rate at least half their secretaries as something less than excellent. 3. The appraisal should not be linked to salary increases. Salary increases should be made on another basis than the performance appraisal. If the form used to rate the secretaries is changed, administrators will need an explanation and a training to fill in the new form. They must be familiar with the techniques and the new form. They also need to understand and avoid problems related to appraisals. (Dessler Huat, 2009) It is indeed a good idea to change the appraisal form. With the sample graphic rating is usefull when appraising performance on the actual job duties. In this case the administrator can assess how well the secretary exercised each duty. The old graphic rating scale with unclear standards can cause a lot of problems. It results in unfair appraisals because the traits and degrees of merit are ambiguous. To fix this problem, is to include more descriptive phrases as the experts recommended. The VP should also consider the appraisal of the secretaries by someone else than the administrators. It could be a peer appraisal or even self-rating. 2 Do you think that the Vice President would be better off dropping graphic rating forms, substituting instead one of the other techniques we discussed in this chapter such as a ranking method? Why? Certainly other methods could be used. He has already had a taste of what would result if he went to a forced distribution or other ranking method. A BARS system might be best, but it could be costly to develop if the clerical staff has positions that are significantly different. Ranking methods compare one employee to another, resulting in an ordering of employees in relation to one another. It results in an overall assessment of employees and is not specific to certain job components. Ranking is not the best options. Even if everyone performs well someone will still end up at the bottom. That is not fair and will not push the secretaries to do better. For the administrators it can be very difficult to make this kind of discriminations. (Performance Appraisal Methods) Forced distribution is a method of performance appraisal to rank employee but in order of forced distribution. For example, the distribution requested with 10 or 20 percent in the top category, 70 or 80 percent in the middle, and 10 percent in the bottom. The advantages are that they force reluctant managers to make difficult decisions and identify the most and least talented secretaries. It sustains a high performance culture in which the workforce continuously improves. But there are also disadvantages. It can create a big and unhealthy competitiveness and besides discourage collaboration and teamwork. (Ngo) 3 What performance appraisal system would you develop for the secretaries if you were the Vice President? Defend your answer. If the development costs are not too great, the BARS system would give the strongest solution to the current situation. The behavioral anchors would make it more difficult to just rate everyone at the top. It would also help to eliminate the different interpretations of what the rating scales mean. In my opinion, the BARS system is the best solution for the appraisal of the secretaries. The method bases evaluations on specific behaviors required for each individual position in an individual company. It will not be easy to implement the BARS method. First an in-depth study must be done in order to describe and understand all the tasks performed by the secretaries. Second, you will have to know and understand the full range of behaviors an individual can have in carrying out these tasks. Then you will have to rate these behaviors. Finally, the result is a rating scale for each task. (Lloyd) The advantages are that it is behaviorally based and easy to use. Moreover it is individualized, it is designed uniquely for every position in the company. Because it is action-oriented, employees can easily take steps to improve their performance. (Cocanougher Ivancevich, 1978) Nevertheless, there are some drawbacks. The process of creating the BARS system is time-consuming and expensive. It also needs a high maintenance because jobs change over time. For the managers it is a lot of work, they need detailed information regarding the actions of their employees. (Cocanougher Ivancevich, 1978) Despite the negative points, I think that the VP should implement this system in our case.

Outline the principle strengths and weaknesses of accounting and business research. The WritePass Journal

Outline the principle strengths and weaknesses of accounting and business research. Abstract: Outline the principle strengths and weaknesses of accounting and business research. Abstract:Introduction:Research method:  Case I company:Case I data:Case II company:Case II data:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Method used:        Ã‚  Case IFirst phase:Second phase:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case IIStrengths:Weaknesses:References:  Related Abstract: This project/essay is broadly based on a research article â€Å"The management of accounting number: case study evidence from the crash of an airline† by Ann Jorissen and David Otiey (2009 publishing date) and â€Å"Earnings quality in ex-post failed firms† by Juan Manuel Garcà ­a Lara, Beatriz Garcà ­a Osma and Evi Neophytou (December 2008 publishing date). Main body is mostly concentrated on the research methods used and the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches and the methodologies used by the researchers in these empirical papers. Introduction: The empirical papers which I have chosen for â€Å"accounting and business research† have done research on an â€Å"airline company† {Case I} and â€Å"bankrupt firms† {Case II} and they have conducted several interview, used multi-theory method (upper-echelons, power-circulation strategic choice) and sampling method many models to justify there research respectively. Research method:   Case I company:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The researchers had selected SA irgroup (former Swiss Air) as there case company to study process and mechanism triggering to manipulation of accounting numbers. Case I data:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interview of different ex-employees was conducted and different categories of archival data were used by researchers like: i.  Bonus and stock option plan SA ir-Executives 1997-2000; ii. Bonus and stock option plan Sabena Executives 1999-2000: etc was used. Case II company: The researchers selected a junk of companies of UK by sampling method which had gone bankrupt and had data available in FAME entering bankruptcy 1998-2204 or continuing firms which had full data available in FAME 1995-2004. Case II data:   Ã‚  The data used by researchers was taken from the FAME.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Method used:         Ã‚  Case I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They analyzed data in two phases wherein embedded design was employed which implied multiple levels of analysis (Eisenhardt, 1989). They had adopted interview method for there research but also included archival data. There research was based on both accounting as well as management perspective. First phase: In the first stage they arranged data in chronological order and reviewed all internal and external data available. Herein they analyzed data in directionality of the relationships assumed in traditional accounting research. They used a multiple case approach by considering each investment of the SA irgroup in a foreign airline. Each case they analyzed served to confirm inferences drawn from the analysis of the choices made in relation to the SA irgroups first investment in Sabena (Yin, 2003). The collection of data on all accounting and real choices with regard to all events and transactions would involve an immense amount of data so they used â€Å"disaggregated approach†. Second phase:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The analysis in second phase is based on theories like upper-echelons, strategic choice and power circulation. Then by combining results of the both phases they could explain more about the directionality between the different variables, one employed in financial misrepresentation and the other employed to create the necessary discretion to engage in managing accounting numbers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case II In the first stage they collected all data they needed for the research via sampling method and then they used â€Å"working capital version† model of Jones (1991). They used this model first because research had indicated that management had more discretion over current accruals and moreover manipulation of long-term accruals such as depreciation was unlikely due to their high visibility low flexibility (Becker et al 1998; Young, 1999). After working capital version model they used â€Å"modified jones model† which works on the assumption that revenues are not discretionary i.e. the model disregards that managers also engage in real activities manipulation. The next model which they have used was â€Å"Kasznik model† (1999). The model incorporates the change in operating cash flow as an explanatory variable to account for the negative correlation between accruals and cash flows. The formula to obtain a measure of abnormal working capital according to Kasznik model is as under: Where, WCA is working capital accruals, ΔREV is change in sales, ΔCFO is change in cash flow from operations and TA are total assets, and t is the time period indicator. Next, for each firm, we calculate abnormal working capital accruals (AWCA) as follows: Where, à ¢0,à ¢1 andà ¢2 are the fitted industry-coefficients from equation. After Kasznik model they used Chariton et.al (2004) model to calculate the ex-ante one-year-ahead probability of bankruptcy of all failed firms. The formula what they used to calculate it is as under: Where, Pjt (Y = 1) is the probability of failure for entity j at the end of year t. The next model they used was of Roychowdhury (2006) Ball and Shiva kumar (2005). The earlier model was used to analyze the existence of real activities manipulation. Herein was focus was on sales manipulation. The later model was used to measure the different recognition speed of economics gains and losses in earnings by using time series accruals based measures of conditional conservatism. Strengths:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case I  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case II   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inclusion of both perspective i.e. accounting management (multiple methods) helped them for understanding the process of financial misrepresentation while as previous studies used accounting perspective only which couldn’t give much clarifications of the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚   ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This multi-theory perspective allowed them to discover various additional elements of discretion on top of the variables used in the extant literature.   iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to me face-to-face interviews as conducted by the researchers is that the answer of the interviewee is more spontaneous, without any extended reflection and manipulation.   iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This disaggregated approach has the potential advantage of yielding precise, directional predictions based on the researches understanding and Analysis of how decision-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   makers trade off the incentives associated with the accounting object of the study (Francis, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚   v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest advantage what these researchers had was having access to group’s internal information which helped a lot in carrying out there researches and justifying there conclusions. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚     Jones working capital modified model could analyze a proxy for manipulation capturing only pure accounting manipulation a proxy that pools together accounting and real activities manipulation.b)  Ã‚   By using UK sample they were advantageous as the insolvency code are allowed for a wider definition of bankruptcy, with different implications, than in the US (Franks et al 1996; Bradbury, 2007). c)  Ã‚  Ã‚   The best part of sampling method is that it is straightforward and probably the simplest method and is usually unbiased. d)  Ã‚   There access to FAME database and deriving data regarding bankrupt companies made an ease in making assessment of these and setting up there research. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚     Since the researchers have selected or used purposive sampling wherein probability of getting astray is minimum and variance is low in this case of sampling.    Weaknesses:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case II Interview is a complex and demanding technique (Frey Oishi 1995:02 ) An unusual degree of trust is likely to lead to willingness on the part of the subjects to answer the questions carefully and with validity. This is especially advantageous when the questions are of a sensitive nature (Lull 1990:53). Personal bias may b involved in interview method or understanding factor may become hindrance. According to me data taken by the researchers was too big in size so accuracy of the result was at stake. Sampling method can lead to the consequences of redundancy and thus hampering the accuracy of the result. Using data from data base is complex method and time consuming.    Impact of methodology on my dissertation: The methods used by the researchers to conduct there research i.e. â€Å"sampling† and â€Å"interview† and then applying different models and methodologies to derive the results or elaborate there research gave a perfect insight as to how a research should be conducted and then concluded. But I would like to go for â€Å"interview†, â€Å"available public information† and â€Å"questionnaire† method for my dissertation in coming months which would be on â€Å"Development in Banking sector in Kashmir† most probably. According to me interview method of collecting information is one of the best as the interviewee has very less time to respond and cannot manipulate answers so quickly in his brain and moreover interview method can help in extracting much internal information if the interviewer has those tactics and attitude of extracting as much information as possible. The questionnaire method gives an insight regarding what people or what the s ubject think about the given topic or question, it is one of the easiest methods and helps in figuring out the situation or the subject opinion from there point of view and this method would be the most important for my dissertation. Excess to public information and internal information will give positiveness to the dissertation because sometimes these information’s contain very important elements which throw light on various aspects which one researcher is looking for. I would try to rectify all disadvantages of the methods and apply then on my dissertation. References:   â€Å"Basic statistics for business and economics† by Paul G Hoel and Raymond J. jessen Ball, R. and Shivakumar L. (2005). ‘Earnings quality in UK private firms: comparative loss recognition timeliness’. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(1):83–128. â€Å"Elementary business statistics: the modern approach† by Freud and Williams â€Å"Earnings quality in ex-post failed firms† by Juan Manuel Garcà ­a Lara, Beatriz Garcà ­a Osma and Evi Neophytou (2008) http://ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk:3114/eds/detail?hid=22sid=2644bf2b-4378-4ae6-bb5f-e0d067d1ee89%40sessionmgr12vid=1bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=buhAN=39883573 Frey Oishi (1995:02) â€Å" how to conduct interviews by telephone in person† aber.ac.uk/media/students/aeo9702.html Jones, J. J. (1991). ‘Earnings management during import relief investigations’. Journal of Accounting Research, 29(2): 193–228. Lull, James (1990) â€Å" Inside family viewing†; London Routledge Roychowdhury, S. (2006). â€Å"Management of earnings through the manipulation of real activities that affect cash flow from operations† Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42(3): 335–370. â€Å"The management of accounting number: case study evidence from the crash of an airline† by Ann Jorissen and David Otiey (2009) http://ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk:3114/eds/detail?hid=22sid=1db6a896-b761-43fb-8f14-c493473c5b2f%40sessionmgr15vid=1bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=buhAN=48633863

CFD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CFD - Assignment Example g for the small wind controlled turbines is not as essential as other factors since the passive over speeding regulates the smaller relative influences of the drag on the engine performance. The total improvement is measured by the cruise lift and the high-lift root of the airfoil to reduce the inboard solidity apart from enhancing the starting torque. The different aerofoil shapes have three possible cruise lift measures 0.1, 0.4 and 0.6. The velocity of the aerofoil increases with a steeper gradient from the beginning of the take-off and then the gradient gradually reduces as the aircraft stabilizes. With the airfoil positioned in the stream of air with the speed V∞, the air flow parts closer to the leading edge and then passes the upper surface and the lower surface of the airfoil at the same time. At that point, when the air flow splits up, the speed of the air flow reduces to 0, a point referred to as the point of stagnation. It is placed near the aerofoil leading edge, but the position changes in relation to the angle of attack (Bertin & Cummings 2009, p. 49). Pressure and Velocity have a significant effect on the performance of the aerofoil. It is found that in higher pressure zones, the velocity of the aerofoil is reduced because of strong turbulence. On the other hand, low pressure caused weak turbulence, enabling the aerofoil to experience faster cruise (Clancy 1975, p. 48). High pressure is required only in two conditions, during the takeoff and landing, where an air craft is expected to change altitude. Los speed id desired for safe landing and for climbing. The relationship between velocity and pressure is shown in figure 6 below. For the following explanations it is assumed, that a stream of air is directed against an airfoil, which is fixed in space (Houghton & Carpenter 2003, p. 83). This is equivalent to an airfoil moving through the air - just a question of the reference system. A typical wind tunnel works in the same way. The qualitative

Innovation in Construction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovation in Construction - Research Paper Example In enhancing the value brought in by this process, a lot of modifications have been made on it time after time. These improvements have consequently come along with some advantages together with shortcomings. It is therefore logical that, as these changing procedures are implemented in the industry; proper steps are taken in dealing with areas where gaps exist. Recycling in construction In construction, recycling basically denotes the taking apart and reprocessing of recoverable waste resources produced at the time of construction and modification. Bits and pieces of unused materials, packaging, old resources and remains collectively comprise of the latent recoverable materials. All these can be used, together with other new materials in the erection of new structures. Aside from the use of the recycled matters in constructing new structures, this process can also be applied in the aspect of renovation where structures like windows and doors, masonry resources and appliances are also recycled (CMRA, 2011). In many cases, wastes accrued from construction sites are directed into landfills which consequently are burdened with increased loading and functions. At the same time, some waste construction materials carry chemicals which if not well handled would only help in enhancing the perennially increasing levels of pollution. An example of this is the kinds of chemical substances which emanate from treated wood. Preventing these scenarios has made recycling the most logical precautions in handling wastes obtained from construction sites. In achieving these goals, personnel in the construction industry either recycle the materials directly into similar products for use again while other are converted into other functional products. Recycling of wastes in the construction industry follows a rather general procedure. The process begins with onsite separation where recyclable materials are separated from other wastes. This is basically the most important aspect of the process and though initially posed challenges, has today witnessed massive improvements thanks to the technological advancement that the world of construction has at its disposal (CMRA, 2011). Here, construction officers, highly conversant with material sorting strategy set up containers for recycling, containers which they clearly label as per the requirements. Ones the reusable wastes are obtained, they are either reprocessed for reuse in the same form they were initially of modified to be used in newer forms. Technology is rapidly advancing in construction recycling. This is despite the limited available technologies at the local levels. One of the technologies synonymous with recycling in the construction industry in modern times includes the â€Å"Recore technology† known for the construction of walls by use of recovered waste materials. This technology is known for the generation of eco friendly wall coverings which carry which also extend some other advantages to the industry and the consumers. The wall coverings produced by this technology are generally durable an added advantage to the fundamental levels of energy saved in the production of these walls. Aside from the recycled walls technology, there also exists the advanced concrete technology which focuses on the production of recycled concrete. The advanced concrete technology applies the heating and rubbing procedures in producing the end

A Philosophical Review of Nature's and Animal Rights Essay

A Philosophical Review of Nature's and Animal Rights - Essay Example In contrast, Tom Regan disputes that there is a difference between ‘having an interest in something’ and ‘taking an interest in it’ (Varner, 1998, 55), which then implies that domestic species, being mindless species, have innate biological interests. Regan thus defined biological interest in this way: â€Å"the two senses really are logically distinct: A being can be interested in something that is not in his interests, and something may be in a being’s interest despite the fact that he is not interested in† (Varner, 1998, 55). This means that domestic species, having no conscious desires in any way, have biological interest of their own. Regan added that plants and objects can reasonably be thought to have biological interests, since both have intrinsic values in their own breed. On the other hand, Gary Varner (1994) argues that if all living things have biological interests, then it is implausible to prevent spoiling countless biological int erests of others. Varner cited John Passmore’s passage to define biological interest: â€Å"the Jainist principle [of avoiding harm to all living things]†¦ is far too strong. This is the more obvious now that we are aware of the minute living organisms which everywhere surround us. In breathing, in drinking, in eating, in excreting, we kill. We kill by remaining alive† (as cited in Varner, 1998, 77). This implies that nonhuman animals and plants have biological interests of their own, but lose these biological interests when confronted with the biological interests of human beings. However, if domestic species do not have biological interests, it is still possible that they have inherent or intrinsic worth as shown by the arguments of Paul Taylor, Tom Regan, and Peter Singer. First, according to Taylor (1981), to argue that a nonhuman animal has inherent worth is to assume that its interests [Taylor believes that domestic species have biological interests] merit t he respect and thought of every moral agent. Moreover, the recognition of its interests has intrinsic value, to be realized as an objective and on behalf of the being whose interest it is. Taylor further argues that inherent worth is â€Å"not some mysterious sort of objective property belonging to living things that can be discovered by empirical observation or scientific investigation† (Taylor, 1981, 204). Hence, to say that a domestic species, which would not exist without human interference, have no inherent worth is wrong since, according to Taylor, inherent worth cannot be determined by inductive reasoning or sense perception. Ultimately, Taylor (1981) believes that inherent worth is a â€Å"value that is ascribed to nonhuman animals and plants themselves, independently of their relationship to what humans judge to be conducive to their own good† (p. 204). Hence, with or without human interference, domestic species have inherent worth. Similarly, Tom Regan states that â€Å"the presence of inherent value in a natural object is independent of any awareness, interest, or appreciation of it by any conscious being† (Varner, 1994, 26). Domestic species have inherent value, and it is equal to that of human beings. The lack of intellect or reason is not a justification to say that nonhuman animals do not possess inherent value. Likewise, Peter Singer claim that if a nonhuman animal has a particular feature, like biological inter

The Post Office

The Post Office The Post Office is a group of three core businesses that form the UKs national postal system. It operates as a public corporation and is owned, but not managed, by the Government. Its businesses are: Royal Mail: the letters business, Post Office Counters Limited, the retail Business and Parcel force, the parcels business. It also runs Subscription Services Limited, which provides a portfolio of services to UK businesses. The group as a whole has recorded a profit for the last 19 years, and is one of the few national Postal administrations to operate without government subsidy. In 1994, following a review set up two years earlier, the Government published a discussion paper that set out proposals for the future of The Post Office. Following a prolonged and intense public debate the Government decided, in 1995, to drop plans for Royal Mail/Parcel force privatisation from its then current legislative programme but in the following year announced it was relaxing some of the financial restraints to allow The Post Office businesses to compete for new business. A brief history of the Post Office The origins of the Post Office can be traced back to 1482 when couriers carrying pacquets (royal messages) were granted the power to requisition horses and guides. By 1660 control of The Post had passed from the monarch to Parliament with the creation of the post of Postmaster General. From the introduction of the uniform penny post in 1840 the Post Office grew and took on new responsibilities until by the 1950s about 1/3 of all civil service staff were employed by the Post Office. In October 1969 the Post Office ceased to be a government department and became a corporation. The responsibility for the day to day management passed from the Postmaster General to the board of the newly constituted corporation, although the new Minister for Posts and Telecommunications still retained control of the Post Offices budget. Further reform followed in 1981 when post and telecommunication were separated and The Post Office Corporation was divided into The Post Office (responsible for postal services and National Giro Bank) and British Telecom (responsible for telephones and telecommunications). Again the argument behind this change was that it would make the Post Office more suited and responsive to the needs of the commercial modern world. The Post Office delivery services survived the mass privatisations of the 1980s. However, British Telecom was privatised in 1984 followed by the National Girobank in 1989. Although, The Royal Mail is the letters division of the Post Office, It is obliged to provide a universal service at a uniform price. This is achieved through cross subsidisation of more costly services by less costly and a monopoly on deliveries of letters costing less than  £1.00. The Royal Mail has a network of approximately 100,000 post boxes and employs approximately 80,000 postmen. Post Office Counters Ltd is a network of approximately 20,000 sub post-offices. They are mostly privately owned and run by agents (sub-postmasters), many are also shops. They sell stamps and provide other services such as pensions, etc. Parcel force is an independent division of the Post Office that operates without a monopoly and in direct competition with a number of private sector companies. Parcel force employs approximately 13, 00 staff, has 165 depots and a fleet of approximately 9000 vehicles. The reason to tell this entire story to explain the changes went through in this organisation by the time requirement. Description of nature of information systems: A Local Area Network (LAN) had been introduced in the Newcastle upon Tyne postal district 18 months earlier and was intended to link together different locations in the Newcastle area and to provide a gateway to other Post Office LANs nationwide. Initially use of this system was restricted to senior (board level) managers but with the impending restructuring and expected privatisation use of the LAN was extended to other levels in the organisation. At the initial time of the interviews there were 37 terminals in the Newcastle area and 6 at remote sites. The Newcastle LAN could also be used to link to another 20 Post Office LANs in different parts of the country. The system integrated elements of personnel, administration, recruitment and data on human resource utilisation with data on costing and the volume of business transactions. What is a network? A network is a generic term for any computer based communications system that links together a number of computers and other devices. A network may be called a LAN (Local Area Network) or a WAN (Wide Area Network). LANs are networks that connect several devices, usually through a single cabling system, within a clearly defined area such as a single building or a group of adjacent buildings. WANs on the other hand are networks used to distribute data around sites that may be scattered across or single country or the entire world. WANs may be composed of interlinked LANs and may use a number of different communications links (e.g. satellite and telephone lines) to join their component parts. Networks may take many forms although, conceptually, they only consist of two parts. Description and analysis of functional use of information systems: The networking software defines the logical structure of the network: it controls and co-ordinates certain activities in a group of otherwise independent processors (network stations). At the heart of each network is the fileserver. The fileserver treats the network stations as if they were storage peripherals (e.g. disk drives) while the network stations treat the fileserver as if it were a hard disk reading from it and writing to it as required. To each machine it appears as though the data had simply come from a disk drive. Communications software and the physical link both the network stations and the fileserver run communications software to send data to each other through the physical link. The physical link, i.e. cabling system, defines the physical structure of the network while the communications software carries the data along the physical link; together these two things act as a medium for the communication between fileserver and network station. However networks can facilitate communication between people as well as machines. Electronic mail, diaries and teleconferencing facilities can be used as a medium for communication, control and co-ordination between people. For example, e-mail allows asynchronous communication between individuals or groups and also enables the efficient distribution of text based memos or messages to a group, or groups, of recipients. Assessment of current use of information systems Security and ease of management: Networks, by their nature, impose restrictions on certain actions by certain users at particular times (e.g. two users cannot write to the same file at the same time). This greatly simplifies file management and can provide several layers of additional security, e.g. passwords and or access only via dedicated terminals. Networking software can also provide alarms and audit trails to assist dealing with security problems if they do occur. Resilience Networks are virtually unaffected by local damage. If a network station breaks down it can be simply removed without any disruption to the other users. If the data has been backed up then no data need have been lost; the user can simply move to another network station. The fileserver on the other hand is the hub of the network; if this ceases to function the whole network stops. However, once again, if all the data has been backed up and good recovery procedures exist networks can even survive a fault at the fileserver. Efficient use of resources: Networks make a more efficient use of resources as they allow the apparently simultaneous use of one application by several users. The most obvious example of this is the shared use of programs such as word processors and spreadsheets. These will only need to be installed once on a file server and can then be used on any number of machines. Networks also allow the cost of expensive but infrequently used items, such as specialist printers or tape drives, can be shared between a large numbers of users. Similarly old, unusual or otherwise obsolescent equipment can also be made use of in this way.

My Ideal Teacher Essay -- Teaching Teachers Education Essays

My Ideal Teacher When I think about teachers that I have had in the past, several different ones come to my mind. Each of these educators stands out in my mind for a variety of diverse reasons. Whether it is their sense of humor, their tactfulness, their love of the subject matter, their fanatical and sporadic behavior, or their yearning to be childish themselves, I can still remember at least one quality of every teacher I have ever encountered. Every one of these teachers conveyed subject material to their students just as they were educated and employed to do. However, I trust that every professional in the world has an abundance of opportunity for improvement; teachers could discover and improve themselves merely by having an open mind and observing one another. If I could construct the â€Å"ideal† teacher for me, I would only have to focus on three main aspects of the individual. These three qualities would be conducting a fun and interesting class, having organization and ge nuine comprehension of subject material, and developing a need to accept and have a constructive relationship with all students. Because of the most recent technology children today expect to be entertained by some other means than â€Å"twiddling their thumbs†. This need is not only present in the home setting; it is everywhere they go, including school. Therefore, teachers today have to make learning more enjoyable than it ever has been. Students are aware that at school they have strict rules to follow and expectations from their teachers. However, school can be fun if the teachers make it that way. There are numerous ways that a teacher can accomplish this. For example, a teacher could do something as simple as having a â€Å"j... ...d what my major is from week to week. They gained my respect in high school, and I, in turn, gave them respect. These are the teachers that I will never forget because they will never let me forget. I think that all students should experience some teachers like I have. In conclusion, in the â€Å"real† world some students will graduate from college, some students will be teachers, some teachers will just teach, and some teachers will teach with love. I want to be that teacher. The one that teaches with love and passion for what I am doing. This is why I have taken into account every teacher that I have ever encountered and created my â€Å"ideal† teacher; the teacher who is exciting, knowledgeable, and friendly. It is those teachers that I will remember indefinitely and with distinction, and this is also how I intend to be remembered by my students.

Plot Analysis

In her ground-breaking play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun,† Lorraine Hansberry challenged widespread cultural conceptions about African Americans.By focusing her play on stark realism, Hansberry was able to create a play which, in both theme   and technical execution, offered something radically different than the portrayal of American life typically seen on Broadway stages in the mid twentieth century.The impact of the play, both visually and   textually, on American audiences was visceral and controversial. Hansberry relied on depicting vastly disparate emotional states and conditions for her characters, as well as enticing her audience to experience the world of her characters with as much empathy as possible.The play's opening, for example, establishes that the Younger family is waiting for a ten-thousand dollar insurance check to arrive after the death of the family's father.The fact that the family is so steeped in poverty that each of them concocts elaborate schemes and ideas of how to spend the money before it even arrives, grips the reader or alert audience member with emotion and concern.   The â€Å"intrusion† of the expected money also begins the tension in the play and drives the conflicts between the play's characters., most notably between Mama and Walter Lee.In order to engage the audience, and to cause them to identify with the Youngers, Hansberry uses the device of realism, which includes the construction of a one-room apartment set, complete with all the trappings of poverty: cramped quarters, worn furniture and carpets, and a conspicuous lack of privacy.Before the audience has even begun to grasp the events of the   play, they are immediately aware of the family's dire financial situation.The shock of the set at a purely visual and spatial level communicates the Youngers' distress to the audience.   Teh ensuing emotional tension between Mama and her son is meant to show that the external attributes of poverty have corresp onding emotional and psychological impacts and have extended to the relationships between the characters.By the end of the opening scene, the reader or audience member knows that great hope and expectation has been pinned by the family on the insurance money and many readers or spectators of the play would probably intuit that the family's emotional crisis goes far beyond anything which can be repaired with money.The idea is to advance the plot in a realistic manner so that the audience or reader not only experiences the events of the play but feels the emotional resonance which is intended to be a part of the event which are portrayed.   In order to accomplish this, every aspect of the play, not only the plot, are steeped in realism.One element of dramatic technique that enables Hansberry to successfully create a dynamic and realistic drama is her use of vernacular in the play's dialogue.Unlike the blank-verse constructions of Shakespeare, or the witticism of Oscar Wilde, or even the dreamy musings of Tennessee Williams, Hansberry delivers the dialogue of â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† in colloquial language and this aspect of them play enhances the play's verisimilitude.The realism of the play then causes the audience to more closely identify with the play's characters and plot, and each of these aspects of the play helps to communicate the important sociological and racial themes that drive â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun.†This attention to realism and detail is important to the play's plot, also, because as the vents of the play unfold, the reader is drawn more deeply into an emotional connection with the characters because the characters seem for all intents and purposes to be actual people who face actual, real-life struggles.As the plot progresses, the insurance check actually arrives and in their haste to be a controlling interest in the spending of the money, each of the Youngers manages to ignore the others emotional needs in pursuit of persona l materialistic dreams.When Mama decides to use the money to move the family to a white neighborhood, a further sense of doom pervades th action as the Youngers fall further into emotional discord.Throughout the progression of the plot, the play's dialogue leaves an opening for the emotional outpouring which is markedly absent from the (seemingly banal) progression of events.Hansberry's dialogue, in fact, becomes a key driving force of the play's ultimate revelatory impact on the audience. As the play progresses and the characters become more clearly defined with motivations that the audience can identify with (or despise)   the dialect of the play begins to attain a lyrical uniqueness — a vocal music which was unlike any other play on the Broadway stage of the time.Lines such as â€Å"Seem like God didn’t see fit to give the black man nothing but dreams†¦.’† (29) or â€Å"â€Å"There is always something left to love. And if you ain’t lear ned that, you ain’t learned nothing†¦.†(135) attain the status of aphorism in the context of the play and divulge important social and racial realities that, for most Americans in the mid-twentieth century, existed, if at all, as merely si-debar newspaper articles or in some other abstract realization.Hansberry's play, through its fierce and relentless realism, coupled with its themes of yearning and dreaming seemed to marry the â€Å"American ideal† to the â€Å"American nightmare† in a verbally original and thematically cathartic fashion, elevating the dialogue of racial issues in America to a place of cultural acceptance.Simultaneously, the play's plot moves in an arc of excited expectation to dissolution of dreams while expressing the internal progressions of the characters with a portrayal of external events.When Mrs. Johnson tells the Youngers about a black family that was bombed because they moved into a white neighborhood, the audience feels t he dream of Mama's to live in a better neighborhood deflating.The audience realizes that money, alone, despite the naivete with which the Youngers regard its power, will do little, perhaps nothing, to change the misery of their lives.The Youngers have regarded money and the future hope of what it may bring with a sort of â€Å"exotic† hopefulness which, in its perceived futility during the vents of the play, should cause emotional frustration and dissonance in the reader and in the the audience.This dissonance reflects the same dissonance which exists between the Younger's dreams and their actual position in the world.By combining a realistic set with realistic dialogue, a kind of exoticism was reached by Hansberry, through the depiction of extreme poverty and want, which is a powerful force in granting the play unity of theme, place, and time in keeping with Aristotle's theories of dramatic construction in his Poetics.This latter attribute helps ground the play in the tradit ional dramatic structure which off-sets the aforementioned â€Å"exoticism† of the play's set and characters.Despite the reluctance for most Americans in the late 50's and early 60's to face the racially based challenges of that era, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† demonstrated, through creative expression, the urgency of the plight of African Americans in a racist society.The play's climax, when it is decided that — despite the conflicts and hardships that the money has caused —   that Mama's plan to move to a new neighborhood will go through, exerts a sense of hopefulness in the face of manifested obstacles (and potential violence) which seems to suggest that optimism, ambition, and â€Å"togetherness† can weather storms and find fulfillment despite the truth of prejudice and poverty.However, a close reading of the play is just as likely to reveal in the reader, a sense that the Youngers are simply caught in a vicious cycle of hope and despair and t hat with each new breath of hope a corresponding crush of bad luck or ill-fortune will be experienced.   It is not fitting to say that the play, therefore, has a â€Å"happy† ending, but simply an ending which reflects an unending cycle of hope against an equally unending series of obstacles.Work Cited  Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Random House, New York. 1959

Media Ethics Towards Employing Utilitarianism and Kantian Theory in Examining Practical Ethical Issues

Media Ethics Towards Employing Utilitarianism and Kantian Theory in Examining Practical Ethical Issues In this era of global interactivity and extreme media scrutiny, real-life situations and instances of behaviour that raise ethical issues and moral dilemmas continue to reverberate across all civilizations in the world. The role of the media in disseminating information to people is legion, but arising ethical issues persist to put this important institution in a collision course with germane issues that must be primarily dealt with for responsible practice (Plaisance, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Ethics: Towards Employing Utilitarianism and Kantian Theory in Examining Practical Ethical Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These ethical issues put into perspective the need to rely on philosophical thought to decide on the proper course of action. It is the purpose of this paper to utilize both utilitarianism and Kantian theory to critically examine some underlying ethical issues relating to the cla im below: There’s almost no situation in which I’d stop filming to do something, because I think a film record of a given situation is ultimately more effective, and has greater impact. In the end, it helps more people than if I put down my camera to lend a hand (Bowden, 1987 p. 182) To offer a critical evaluation of the above claim, it is imperative to briefly discuss the two broad classifications of philosophical thought from which utilitarianism and Kantian theory derives from. The first classification – teleological ethics – comprise of theories which are essentially concerned with outcomes or consequences and the capacity to produce the best possible decisions. These theories are glued by the premise that ethically right decisions are those that produce maximum consequences (Albarran, 2010). To date, utilitarianism, with its axiom of the greatest good still offers the best example of teleological ethics. The second classification – deontologic al ethics – comprise of ethical theories concerned with the philosophical process of arriving at decisions based on established principles (Albarran, 2010). These theories affirm that the rightness or wrongness of an action or behaviour is dependent on that particular action or behaviour and not on the outcomes or consequences it produces. Deontological ethics are best illustrated in the philosophical works of Kant. Utilitarianism, espoused by such philosophers as David Hume, John Stuart Mill, and Jeremy Bentham, among others, states that moral actions are correct to the extent that they tend to enhance the ‘greatest good for the greatest number.’ As one of the best known adaptations of consequentialism, this theory defines what is morally acceptable in terms of the â€Å"maximization of the net expected utility for all parties affected by a decision or action† (Smart Williams, 1998 p. 83).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Le t's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, human beings ought to behave or act in a manner that occasion the best possible outcomes from their actions (Russo, n.d.). Consequently, acceptable behaviour or actions, according to utilitarianism, should be evaluated by rules and guidelines that, if universally followed would lead to the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Judging by the above description, it appears that the author of the claim in discussion based his arguments on utilitarian theory. Indeed, he argues that a film record of a situation is eventually more effective, has a greater impact, not mentioning the fact that it helps more people. In essence, the film record will enhance the greatest good for the greatest number of viewers the scenario that was being filmed notwithstanding. Such philosophical thought has serious ethical undertones since it therefore means that it actually does not concern us what kind of behaviour or actions we engage in or what our intentions are when engaging in them, as long as the outcomes of our behaviours or actions are generally positive to the wider audience. According to Russo (n.d.), â€Å"†¦what all utilitarians have in common is that they accept one and only one principle of morality, the principle of utility, which states that in all our actions we must always strive to produce the greatest possible balance of good and evil† (para. 3). This therefore means that when faced with a choice between two divergent courses of action, a utilitarian will always aim to select the one that bears the best overall outcome or consequence for the majority who might be affected in one way or another by the actions. In the claim, it is clearly evident that the author would choose the action that has a greater impact and helps more people – that of continuing to film instead of lending a hand. Again, this has serious ethical undertones assuming that the situation he is filming demands that people offer assistance such as a plane clash. Many modern institutions, including the media and democratic institutions, are built around the principle of utilitarianism, that is, ‘the end justify the means.’ Indeed, actions are judged based on the outcomes, not on the objectives, intentions or motives (Terrall, 2007). As such, the individual would be justified to continue filming since he is bound to achieve the best possible outcomes from his action – that of assisting more people. To argue along this continuum, however, is counterintuitive since such actions are taken more for profit orientations than for ethical considerations. When evaluated under the lenses of ethical considerations, utilitarianism in contemporary institutions, including the media, justifies the treatment of individuals as a means to an end. There arise serious ethical connotations when individuals are viewed as a means to achieve an outcome th at is agreeable to the majority.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Ethics: Towards Employing Utilitarianism and Kantian Theory in Examining Practical Ethical Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In equal measure, ethical issues arise if individuals assume that an action or behaviour is acceptable if it generates a greater sum of good than evil for all the individuals who are affected by such an action (Russo, n.d.). This, it appears, is the mentality of the individual who continues to film since filming by itself will have a greater impact and will assist many people than helping the situation. As already mentioned elsewhere, Kantian theory is firmly rooted in deontological ethics. Kant proposed an intricate system that specified the duties endowed upon us as moral agents. According to Plaisance (2009), â€Å"†¦at the core of [Kant’s] system is the claim that our human capacity for reason enables us to know these duties and that freedom enables us to act on them (p.8). As such, the foundations of Kantian theory are rationality and liberty. For Kant, individuals are bound by obligation to act and behave morally as the only way to perform their duties to others. It is imperative to note that by moral action, Kant insinuated that individuals should test and evaluate their actions by inquiring if they could be universalized, that is, whether it would be morally acceptable if every individual applied the actions as standard of behaviour (Johnson, 2008). It therefore follows that the individual in the filming claim would have first stopped to ponder if it was agreeable for everyone to continue filming the arising situations as opposed to lending a hand. In fact, he would have never at the first place been so sure to say that ‘there’s almost no situation in which I’d stop filming to do something†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ since he was not in a position to know or judge if such an action could be universalized to others in similar profession or situation. This demonstrates why Kant was so strict on rationality and liberty. In a hypothetical situation, say a car accident where people are trapped inside the car, a Kantian follower would have reasoned out to first cease filming and lend a hand. If the situation was not that serious, a Kantian follower would have taken the liberty to start filming the situation. Here, the Kantian theory appears more ethically acceptable. Kant formulated the famous ‘categorically imperative’ phrase, implying duty without exception (Plaisance, 2009). This principle demands obedience and core moral obligations that all individuals must meet. Consequently, Kant was of the opinion that individuals are owned respect not because of their professions or individual positions, but for the reason that they are human beings with ability to reason.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Plaisance (2009), â€Å"†¦this universal moral obligation requires that we treat individuals as ends in themselves and never sorely as a means to attain other goals or desires we may have† (p.9). In equal measure, the philosopher was of the opinion that morality was principally about motives. To him, motives are the basis of actions and these, not results or consequences – should be the basis for ethics. Back to the filming claim, it is vehemently clear that the individual use the means (situations) to achieve the ends (having a greater impact and assisting more people). The Kantian theory, however, is clear that the individuals should be perceived and treated as the ends in themselves and never sorely as means. Here, the underlying ethical issue is that utilitarianism, its axiom of achieving the greatest good notwithstanding, is open to abuse in contemporary times. In media institutions, indeed, it is rightfully or wrongfully used and depicted as bei ng in the ‘public interest,’ and in the case of newspapers, it is being used and passed as ‘what the public is interested in.’ Such catchy phrases have serious ethical undertones since what one segment of the public is interested in may not be universalized to the other population, not mentioning the fact that the motive behind an action, say publishing a story, may not necessarily be the reason why a certain outcome is desired (Elder, 2001). All in all, both utilitarianism and Kantian theory have been discussed at length in relation to the claim about filming. Ethical issues have been highlighted on both sides and critical appraisal offered. What is clear is that although the claim about filming is utilitarian in nature, utilitarianism raises more ethical issues than Kantian theory. Both philosophical thoughts, however, have their advocates and critics, and it is premature to discount utilitarianism is a valid theory of ethics. Indeed, according to Terrall (2007), many modern institutions, including the media, heavily rely on utilitarianism. However, as have already been discussed, the theory has serious ethical ramifications when compared to Kantian theory. List of References Albarran, A.B (2010). Management of Electronic Media. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Elder, R (2001). Difficult Decisions: Ethical Issues for the American Media in Times of National Emergency. Web. Johnson, R (2008). Kant’s Moral Philosophy. In: Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. Plaisance, P.L (2009). Media Ethics: Key Principles for Responsible Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Russo, M.S (n.d.). Utilitarianism in a nutshell. Web. Smart, J.J.C., Williams, B (1998). Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Terrall, E (2007). The Ends or the Means? Kantian Ethics v/s Utilitarianism. Web.

Rationale of the study Essay Example

Rationale of the study Essay Example Rationale of the study Essay Rationale of the study Essay This chapter presents the background of the study, rationale of the study, conceptual framework, objectives of the study, scope and delimitation, significance of the study and the definition of terms. Introduction Amazing and exciting , confusing and frustrating, and above all else, an undeniable presence of life. Love them or hate them, computer is entering everyones life. Computers play a big role nowadays in our improving modern time and technology. It sakes the user at ease whenever manipulating important files. Thus, everything in this world has changed from simple to the most intricate, where everything is being computerized. We cannot deny the fact that computers have evolved from scientific curiosity to an absolutely necessary tool in virtually all areas of our lives. In a business establishment such as Master Supermarket, computerizing of their system will lead them to a well-organized company and suited for future competitiveness. The company doesnt have an automated system to use for the necessity of an advance file and reports. It takes a lot of reports to produce. This is the reason why the proponents want them to ease their burden. With the knowledge about the computer capabilities, the difficulty of manipulating their files manually will no longer be a problem. With the use of computers, simple tasks can be performed according to specific instructions at such fresh speed at a high degree of accuracy. Only users of large, expensive computer systems could enjoy the power of database management. Data was organized and manipulated as a result, individual and small business benefits from this type of system. Today managing a business has never been easy. Before, business does not need a large amount of capital and can start even without an exhaustive investigation regarding its viability thats why most number of businesses did not succeed, but now, if someone wants a bigger profit

Business Class Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Class Questions - Coursework Example The growing interest in business research can be attributed the increasing need to understand employees, customer behavior, stakeholders, and business environment for effective decision making. Business research has been advanced through the current advancement in technology which has made possible for organizations to keep track of important information in their day-to-day operation. Such technologies entails the business intelligence system which facilitates continuous collection of information on the various factors affecting business such as economic, market, political, technology, cultural and social trends(Cooper, Cooper & Schindler, 2010). Decision makers combine information collected through such systems with data obtained through the contemporary business research to enhance the credibility and reliability of the research findings. The definition of research should be questioned on the basis that the definition, can be identified as being in its informative stage. 2. What is the difference between applied research and basic or pure research? The major difference between applied research and pure research revolve around the objectives or aims of the research process. Pure research entail the gathering of new information or data to expand the existing knowledge about a given phenomenon or issues where the ultimate goal is build on what is already known (Cooper, Cooper & Schindler, 2010). On the other hand, applied research revolves around collecting of information geared towards providing amicable solutions to a certain problems or opportunities. Pure research only seeks to answer question or provide knowledge that does directly affect organizational decision making or actions taken in the business operations. In the context of deciding how a salesperson should be paid, either by commission or salary, the question that would be applied to guide an applied research would involve an inquiry on what payment method would be appropriate to pay the salesperson with consideration of benefits associated with each method on both parties. For example, which of the two methods payment; commission or salary would be more appropriate for paying a salesperson? On the other hand the question to guide a pure research on the same issue would entail exploration of the two methods of payment without necessarily seeking to establish a direct response. For example the question can be framed as follows; what are the benefits for using either commission or salary to pay a sales person? 5. What are the dilemmas a sales force manager faces in selecting a custom motivation program or a purchase base program offered by a consulting firm? Selection of either of two programs presents several dilemmas as to which of the two programs would translate to maximum performance and the risks that may be involved in adopting either of the two. The sales force manager faces the dilemma of whether of he/ she has the necessary skills to support implementation of either th e custom motivation program or the purchase based program. The other dilemma that the manager faces revolves around whether the external program can be supported by the firm’s budget. The manager must try to establish if the external prog

CRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

CRM - Essay Example Companies use BI in; surfacing new opportunities, cutting costs and identifying inefficient processes that need of re-engineering. Challenges that come with BI can be avoided if the data that are fed to BI application is clean and consistent. A good example of BI tool used worldwide is Microsoft Excel since it permits users to calculate, present and display numerical data; however, it is a poor BI tool (ZIFF DAVIS 2). Both large organizations and SMBs benefit from using BI technology. SMBs can greatly utilize low-cost, easy-to-use, easy-to-deploy BI options. Some examples are; desktop-analysis tools, quick-to-deploy software-as-a-service and scaled-down suites. BI tools become friendly to SMBs through novel technologies in the form of open source, Web 2.0 interface, new visualization technology and in-memory technology. The crucial BI-jargon are; analytics, benchmarking, Business performance management (BPM), predictive analytics, complex event processing, data mining and online analytical processing (OLAP) (ZIFF DAVIS 4). SMBs should take advantage of Business Intelligence. However, SMBs are challenged from achieving this dream becomes of slim technology budgets and limited IT support. To counter the above, some vendors have developed no cost and low-cost tools other vendors focus on midsize markets while big players provide scaled-down BI suites. BI tools are increasingly acquiring the characteristics of being affordable, fast to deploy and easy to use (ZIFF DAVIS

One-child policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

One-child policy - Essay Example ture of global peace and development tend to focus on China’s economy, its defense and armaments buildup and China’s access to resources and energy. Yet, the one economic factor that is often overlooked in this analysis is China’s one child policy and it’s fast changing demography. China happens to be the world’s most populated nation. Right after the coming into existence of the People’s Republic of China, the nation experienced a propitious population growth owing to a better medical care and sanitation and this population growth was envisioned to be an advantage (Button 468). Mao Zedong believed that even if the population of China augmented manifold, the nation had the resources to cope up with it. However, a fast increasing population putting stress on the nation’s food security encouraged the government to opt for a one child policy in 1979, a measure that had both favorable and bad consequences for the nation’s economic g rowth, demographic configuration and socio-economic characteristics (Button 467). There is no denying the fact that in the case of underdeveloped nations, supporting and sustaining population in the light of the available scarce resources is a great challenge. In that context China had always been pursuing a very planned and systematic approach towards its population growth in a contemporary scenario. In the light of this fact, the nation introduced the one child policy in 1979, in an aggressive bid to improve its economic situation and to augment the people’s standard of living (Connor 1). The one child policy required the couples belonging to ethnic Han majority to limit themselves to a single child (Connor 1). Although, to begin with, the one child policy was intended to be a short term measure, the nation’s success in reducing the population count by 400 million motivated it to continue with a revised version of the one child policy till today (Connor 1). As per China’s one child policy the urban couples are

Contracts Business Law Essay Example for Free

Contracts Business Law Essay Contracts are often viewed as unnecessary in the eyes of the public. Most people think that they live their lives doing what they want, when they want with little regard for contractual law. In reality, contracts bind the decisions that most people make on a regular basis. By writing this article I will demonstrate the usefulness of contracts and how they relate to everyday life. I also intend to provide a reasonable idea of what would happen if we did not have contracts guiding decisions made. Because without contracts, the law would not know who to rule in favor of should the need arise, which happens on a daily basis all around the world. The basic definition of a contract is an agreement between two or more parties. This definition encompasses a great many things. If you take a look at the life of an average consumer, from the beginning of their day to the end of it, they make decisions based on factors that have been put in place by contracts. Our consumer wakes up in his home, which was bought from K. Hovnanian, a company that is well known for the designing homes and making people’s dream homes come to life. That house was built by contractors. By definition a contractor is a person or firm who contracts to build things. Electricians, carpenters, stonemasons, plumbers, home audio technicians, Sheet-rockers, painters, and floor specialists are all examples of contractors that were involved in making the consumers dream home come to life. However, K. Hovnanian does not have a contract with each of these types of contractors. Instead, they have a contract with a general contractor, who has agreed to hire each of the other types of contractors to complete the work necessary to make the house come to life. Our consumer works out a deal with K. Hovnanian for a certain price, which becomes the binding contract that K.  Hovnanian agrees to build the house for. The trademarks that K. Hovnanian uses to define who they are, is bound to them by a trademark agreement with the United States. According to the Legal Information Institute of Cornell University, A trademark is defined as â€Å"Any word, name, symbol, or design, or any combination thereof, used in commerce to identify and distinguish the goods of one manufacturer or seller from those of another and to indicate the source of the goods. † By registering this trademark our consumer is able to safely say that it is K. Hovnanian they are dealing and not someone who is pretending to be them. Once the home is completed then, the consumer would then bring in a third party, to the agreement: Bank of America. Bank of America has entered into an agreement with our consumer to pay K. Hovnanian for the home built. In turn, the consumer must pay back Bank of America over the next twenty years at a fixed interest rate the amount of money borrowed. This becomes a mortgage contract. According to the Legal information institute at Cornell University, â€Å"A mortgage contract, involves the transfer of an interest in land as security for a loan or other obligation. this is the most common method of financing real estate transactions. The mortgagor in this case K. Hovnanian is the party transferring the interest in land. The mortgagee, Bank of America, is the providing the loan given in exchange security. â€Å"Normally, a mortgage is paid in installments that include both interest and a payment on the principle amount that was borrowed. † Now that our consumer has bought his home and is moving in, a decision is made to buy items for the home that will be necessary for the consumer to live comfortably. Our consumer goes to Kmart and uses their Visa credit card to pay for a number of items such made by brand name companies such as Martha Stewart Living or Craftsman, the bill of sale, otherwise known as the receipt, is an agreement to pay the store for the amount of goods purchased. However, that is only the basics of the idea. The long process of agreements that we do not see and probably do not think about is there is a contract for every minor detail, allowing this transaction to happen. The consumer uses their Visa to purchase these goods up to a pre-determined dollar amount. Therefore, a request was made by the consumer to purchase the merchandise being sold by Kmart using Visa and, in turn an agreement was made with Visa to pay back in due time the amount for the goods purchased, plus interest of course. In turn, Kmart has agreed to honor Visa as per their contract with Visa. They worked out an agreement before hand to accept Visa, which would increase their sales and Visa would be allowed to keep a small percentage of the sale for the ability to use their services. However, to use the services provided by Visa, Kmart must have an agreement with a company that allows them to go beyond their store via electronic communications. The use of services through a company such as Verizon would be necessary. Verizon provides high speed internet as well as telephone services to companies like Kmart to allow them to access outside of the walls of the business. Therefore, Kmart enters into a binding contract with Verizon, for a pre-determined amount of time and a pre-determined amount of money allowing Kmart to use the services Verizon provides. Now that Kmart has the means to reach the outside world, they must purchase equipment, such as MagTek equipment, that would allow Kmart to use the Visa card allowing consumers to make a purchase on credit for goods that Kmart Provides. According to MagTek’s Website, â€Å"MagTek is a manufacturer of electronic devices and systems for the reliable issuance, reading, transmission and security of cards, checks, PINs and other identification documents. † Among the electronic devices, is a magnetic strip reader allowing consumers to use Visa credit cards to make purchases. Kmart also has an agreement with Omnimedia, the owning entity of the Martha Stewart living products, and Craftsman, a company that makes tools for everyday use. This type of agreement is known an exclusive dealing arrangement. According to the Legal Information Institute at Cornell University, â€Å"Exclusive dealing arrangements are, essentially, requirement contracts in which a seller agrees to sell all or a substantial portion of its products or services to a particular buyer, or when a buyer similarly agrees to purchase all or a portion of its requirements of a product or service from a particular seller. This means that Kmart buys all of its tools from craftsman or all of its household items from Omnimedia. The reverse to this, is that Craftsman or Omnimedia may have an exclusive dealing arrangement in which they agree not to sell their products to competing companies or franchises. As you can see, there is much more going on in behind the curtains of a typical day, so that the consumer is able to live their life. These are only a handful of examples of what parts of our lives contracts have an impact on. There are many more out there. The opposite of having a life filled with contracts, is having one without them, which would likely be a life filled with chaos. Imagine the same scenario in the last few pages, but without contracts binding the many parties involved. Our consumer would set out to buy a home which they decide to do business with K. Hovnanian. On a handshake and a smile K. Hovnanian agrees to build the home, but changes things that the consumer specifically said he wanted to alter the price of the home. After a couple of weeks K.  Hovnanian contacts our consumer to let them know that they were able to secure the land, but the price will be higher. Reluctantly, the consumer agrees, after all this is a dream home that is being built. Another two weeks goes by, and K Hovnanian calls and says construction is right on schedule and that the house will be completed within the next couple of weeks. K Hovnanian and our consumer come to an agreement of money and the consumer has his bank give the money to K. Hovnanian as agreed. After a couple of Months of communication silence, the consumer gets agitated and goes to the lot where his house was being built. There is no house and no construction crew. He goes to the location where K. Hovnanian was only to find out they have closed their doors and left. After contacting some sources to find out the whereabouts of K. Hovnanian, the consumer finds out that the company he has been dealing with was not K. Hovnanian at all, just someone taking advantage of people using the K. Hovnanian name to get money for free. The one contract in all of this that our consumer did setup was with Bank of America for his Mortgage, which is now legally binding. The consumer cannot pay the mortgage and therefore his credit gets destroyed because of a failure to pay and a foreclosure on a home he never saw, which makes it so he never had a Visa card to pay for the purchases from Kmart. Because there was no contract, there was no crime. The company doing business as K. Hovnanian was not wrong because there is no copyright or trademark contract protecting the K. Hovnanian name. The consumer gave them money even though nothing had been in writing and no formal contract was made. In the end, this consumer was taken advantage of because contracts for the situation did not exist. The United States has placed many laws to protect the rights of companies and the trademark they possess. â€Å"Section 1127 Construction and definitions; intent of chapter,† is the chapter in US Code that defines the parameters in which a company may define or lose definition of their trademark. In turn, â€Å"The Lanham Act† protects the owner of a federally registered trademark from anyone not authorized, to use it (http://www. gpoaccess. gov/uscode/). Also under United States Code under section 1454, is the protection of consumer’s rights when making purchases of land by obtaining a mortgage. These rights are put in place to protect the Bank issuing the mortgage, as well as, the consumer. All in all, Contracts are a part of our everyday lives whether we want it to be or not. They may not always be seen nor the effects of it so obvious, but they are there, and their purpose is to protect all parties involved from entering an agreement without understanding and respecting the rights of the other parties of the contract.

Discrimination Against Those with AIDS :: Discrimination AIDS

Discrimination has grown over the years to be a major problem around the world. There are many different issues that discrimination addresses. One of the main issues that it evaluates is HIV/AIDS. Many people who are infected with the disease are discriminated against for something that they cannot control after they are diagnosed. More specifically, insurance companies and employers are one of the big factors in discrimination of these people in the work place. It is very important to them because they need the money in order to live and they need to coverage in order to stay healthy. Many people go through this battle of live with companies in order to survive, like Devin a middle aged man. These are very important issues that needs to be evaluated closely at and also their needs to be a solution for this problem in the world today. The Issue Do insurance companies and employers discriminate against people after they are informed that a person has HIV/AIDS? This is an important question at issue because many people and their loved ones are affected with terminal diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. Also, it is important because they are treated with disrespectful and it is not how any human being should be treated or cared for. They are regular looking and acting humans that happen to be infected with this horrific disease and that is the sole reason that they are being discriminated against. The public is unaware that they will not get the disease by touching the victim or using the same products or utensils as them. The only way that they could catch the disease from anyone is if they have sexual relations with them or if the share needles by taking drugs with someone who is infected with the virus. â€Å"Two decades after HIV first appeared an estimated 30 million people worldwide have contracted the virus; 11.7 million people have dies of AIDS† (Frankowski xi). This deadly virus has continually and rapidly spread to all different people. Around the world this virus is a major problem and is affecting more women and children then ever before. Although when this disease first appeared it was male dominated, but they have passed it on to the women and in which case they pass on to their children when they are in the womb.

Comparing Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market and William Wordsworth’s T

Comparing Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market and William Wordsworth’s The Thorn On the surface, the poems â€Å"Goblin Market† by Christina Rossetti and â€Å"The Thorn† by William Wordsworth appear to be very different literary works. â€Å"Goblin Market† was written by a young woman in the Victorian period about two sisters who develop a special bond through the rescue of one sister by the other. â€Å"The Thorn† was written by the Romantic poet William Wordsworth about a middle-aged man and his experience overlooking a woman’s emotional breakdown. Material to understanding the works â€Å"Goblin Market† and â€Å"The Thorn† is recognizing the common underlying themes of sex and gender and how these themes affect perspective in both poems. In Christina Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Market,† the main foci are on feminism and the oppression of women by men. The first part of Rossetti’s message is given through her thoughts on feminism, which is surely a major theme in this poem. For instance, the two main characters, Laura and Lizzie, reside free of any positive male interaction. Considering Rossetti’s background as part of Victorian society, the conclusion can be made that Rossetti longed for a place where she could be free of masculine overbearance. Even so, she understood the impossibility of any such personally ideal world. The poem illustrates this realization by including the Goblin men, who seem to haunt the female characters. The Goblin men’s low-pitched cries follow the girls. Laura and Lizzie constantly hear the goblins in the forest: â€Å"†¦Morning and evening / Maids heard the goblins cry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rossetti, 1713.) Even while the characters were a lone or in the exclusive presence of women, the presence of the Goblin men exist... ...seful miscommunication between men and women. Lastly, when looking through the imagined perspective of the thoughtless male tricksters, the reader is shown the heartlessness of men. After this reader’s final consideration, the main theme in each of the presented poems is that both authors saw women as victims of a male dominated society. Works Cited: Jackson, Geoffrey. â€Å"Moral Dimensions of ‘The Thorn.’† Wordsworth Circle. 10 (1979): 91-96. Mermin, Dorothy. â€Å"Heroic Sisterhood in ‘Goblin Market.’† Victorian Poetry. 21 (1983): 107-118. Rossetti, Christina. â€Å"Goblin Market.† The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. 2B. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. New York: Longman, 1999. 1712-1724. Wordsworth, William. â€Å"The Thorn.† The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. 2B. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. New York: Longman, 1999. 319-325.

Arcangelo Corelli: the Period, Life, and Works

Brianna Hunter MUL1110-3060 Professor Kranz February 20, 2013 Arcangelo Corelli: The Period, Life, and Works Music was discovered thousands of years ago and has only progressively gotten better with the invention of instruments and the development of musical dynamics. During the baroque period, in which Arcangelo Corelli lived and died, music was beginning to evolve into a more diverse musical experience. Arcangelo Corelli was one of the few violin and musical composer pioneers that helped shape music and create some of the most recognized compositions of his era.According to Baroque Music, Corelli not only shared his musical knowledge with fellow musicians, but was known as the â€Å"founder of modern violin technique,† the â€Å"world’s first great violinist,† and the â€Å"father of concerto grosso. † The period, life, and works in which the great Arcangelo Corelli lived will be discussed in greater detail as the paper progresses. To begin, the baroque period, also known as the â€Å"age of absolutism,† is classified by the years 1600, in which opera began, to the death of Johann Sebastian Bach in 1750 (Kamien 99).Opera was birthed in Italy within the baroque period and provided the people a show of â€Å"magnificent extravagance† with more emphasis on the words than the music (Kamien 118-19). Furthermore, the baroque styled opera marked the entrance of castrato singers. These singers were males who had been castrated before they hit puberty to ensure the lung power of men and the vocal range of women. â€Å"By combining virtuosity, nobility, and extravagance, baroque opera perfectly expressed the spirit of a grand age† (Kamien 120).As well as the start of opera, the texture of the music was imperative during the baroque period. In the early baroque period, from 1600 to 1640, musicians favored the homophonic texture of music. Early baroque composers thought the only way to clearly project the lyrics of the so ngs was to have a main, constant melody with stressed contrasting sounds by singers against a chorus or using voices against instruments. On the contrast, during the late baroque period, 1690-1750, the favored texture was polyphonic, just as it had been during the renaissance period (Kamien 102).According to NAU, â€Å"polyphonic texture contains two or more active melodies†¦ with emphasis placed upon the interplay between lines, rather than on a single melody or a stream of chord sounds† (par 1). In addition, the layering of voices shares importance with the polyphonic texture of the baroque period. â€Å"Layering is when two or more voices move at different but closely related levels of rhythmic activity, similar to different parts of a machine moving at different but related speeds† (â€Å"Polyphonic† par 2).Although homophonic texture paved a way for music of the baroque period, most of the baroque compositions that are well-known used the polyphonic te xture which helped â€Å"instrumental music become as important as vocal music for the first time† (Kamien 102) In addition, the form of the music in the baroque period was also important. The musical forms varied from sonatas to concerto grosso to the most basic forms. For instance, the two basic musical forms are ternary form, which is a three-part A B A sequence, and binary form, which is a two-part A B sequence.The most commonly used basic form of the baroque period was the ternary form, which had sounds that mirrored â€Å"a statement, a contrast or departure, and a return,† hinting an A B A sequence (Kamien 49-50). Next, the concerto grosso was very essential for late baroque. The concerto grosso, â€Å"a small group of soloists pitted against a larger group of players called the tutti (all),† was used by orchestras in upper-class palaces that provided the soloists with â€Å"brilliant and fanciful melodic lines† (Kamien 108).Finally, the sonatas we re popular in the baroque period for churches, performances, and for leisure. A sonata is â€Å"a composition in several movements for one to eight instruments. † In the same way, the trio sonata gained popularity with composers because they were composing for three melodic lines (Kamien 125). With that in mind, Arcangelo Corelli composed a trio sonata in 1689 for stringed instruments called the Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10 with four movements (Kamien 126). Although the trio onata would appear to have three parts, the trio sonata in fact has four instrumentalists, with two high instruments and two instruments for the lower basso continuo (Kamien 125). Relatively, tempo was an important development of the baroque era. Before the seventeenth century, tempo was indicated by notations. Conversely, the baroque period was the beginning of using terms to describe tempo which originated in Italy and quickly spread throughout Europe. Consequently, the terms still used today t o describe tempo are in Italian.For example, allegro means a fast tempo, accelerando means becoming faster, and largo means a very slow tempo. Even though the terms were created, some composers still had confusion about the many different meanings that the words could denote. In correlation, â€Å"the invention of the metronome allowed composers to become very precise with their tempo markings, however most conductors and performers still tend to regard tempo as a matter of interpretation† (Miller par 4). In Fusignano, Italy, on February 17, 1653, over 360 years ago, Italian violinist Arcangelo Corelli was born to a prosperous family.Santa and Arcangelo Corelli Sr. had five children together, including Arcangelo— Ippolito, Domenico, Giovanna and Giacinto. Corelli was named after his father who unfortunately died a month before his birth and as a result, he was raised by his single mother, Santa Corelli (Talbot 181). Corelli’s initial musical studies were with th e local clergy near Faenza, Italy and then finally studied in Bologna, Italy in 1666. â€Å"His studies there were with Giovanni Benvenuti and Leonardo Brugnoli, the former representing the disciplined style of the Accademia filarmonica (to which Corelli was admitted in 1670)† (Whent par 1).According to Padre Martini, Arcangelo Corelli took his first violin lessons at Bologna from Benvenuti and then later Brugnoli (Talbot 181). In the mid 1670’s, Corelli established himself in Rome, Italy where he found himself in the service of Queen Christina of Sweden in 1679 (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 1). Prior to meeting Queen Christina, Corelli â€Å"appeared as a violinist in the orchestra that recruited for a series of Lenten oratorios at S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini† in 1676 (Talbot 182). In 1681, Arcangelo dedicated his Opus1 to the Queen of Sweden which he escribed as the â€Å"first fruits of his studies† (Talbot 183-84). In 1684, Corelli began to regularly pe rform at musical functions for an employer named Cardinal Pamphili. Shortly after beginning his services for Pamphili, Corelli dedicated his Opus 2 to him in 1685 (Talbot 185). Correspondingly, â€Å"on July 9, 1687 Cardinal Pamphili engaged Corelli as his music master at a monthly salary of ten Florentine piasters† (Talbot 186). At this time, Corelli and his pupil, Matteo Fornari, moved into Pamphili’s palace to serve their talents.Sadly, Pamphili moved out of Rome in 1690, which left Corelli to find a new patron. Fortunately, Corelli quickly found patronage in Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, to whom he dedicated his Opus 4 to (Kemp par 1). Luckily for Corelli, Ottoboni viewed him more as friend than a servant and allowed Corelli to live the rest of his life in his palace (Kemp par 2). Furthermore, Corelli directed opera pieces at the Cancelleria and the Tordinona theatre. In â€Å"Naples, Italy on May 1, 1702, Corelli played Scarlatti’s Tiberio, imperator d’ Oriente† (Talbot 188).With his evidently superior skills, â€Å"in 1706 Corelli was elected as one of only a handful of musicians to the select the artistic circle known as the Accademia degli Arcadi† (Kemp par 2). Regrettably, after 1708, Arcangelo Corelli discharged himself from the public’s eye, and â€Å"busied himself with the composition of concerti grosso† (Talbot 189). A few years later, in December of 1712, his health began to deteriorate. Consequently, Corelli wrote his will on January 5, 1713, in which he left â€Å"all his violins, his manuscripts, the plates of his Opus 4, and his future Opus 6† to his pupil, Matteo Fornari.Three days later, Arcangelo Corelli, at the age of 59, died in Rome, Italy (Talbot 189) and was buried in the Pantheon, near Raphael Sanzio da Urbino, a famous painter (Kemp par 3). â€Å"The anniversary of his death was marked for several years afterwards by solemn performances of his concertos in the Pantheon† (Talbot 190). In relation to Corelli’s musical success, his musical style was revolutionary. â€Å"Corelli popularized certain rhythmical stereotypes, in particular the ‘walking’ or ‘running’ bass in which an inessential note is interposed between two harmony notes† (Talbot 196). His allegros are characterized by rapid changes of harmony underlining the metrical structure, repeated notes, widely ranging themes, idiomatic violin writing†¦ and a mechanically progressive rhythm† (Whent par 6). Even though Arcangelo Corelli was an innovator of sorts, the only device he is named after is the ‘Corelli clash’ (â€Å"where the late resolution on to the leading note at a cadence coincides with the anticipation of the tonic note in the companion upper part†) which was popular in 1680’s dance music (Talbot 196).According to Talbot, â€Å"in formal matters, Corelli is often credited with the clearest exposition of the difference between the ‘church’ and ‘chamber’ varieties of sonata, and the establishment of four movements as the norm in both† (196). â€Å"Few composers achieved so much so quickly, and with such economical means, as Corelli† (200). Undoubtedly, Arcangelo Corelli created many masterpieces that received much praise during and after his lifetime. His Opus 1, to whom he dedicated to Queen Christina of Sweden, is twelve church trio-sonatas. (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 8).Opus 1 (Opera Prima) was written for â€Å"two violins and Violone or Archlute with organ bass and in a somewhat serious contrapuntal style† (Deas 7). Admittedly, Opus 1 has been reprinted â€Å"through 35 known editions between 1681 and 1785† (Talbot 193). Following Opus 1 and 2, Corelli created Opus 3 (Opera Terza), which is a set of twelve trio-sonatas in dedication to the Duke of Modena in 1689 (Deas 6). According to Deas, in Opus 3 â€Å"there is plenty of vigorous independent part-writing in the many fugal movements and, in the slow introductions and middle movements, a poise and dignity that might be called Handelian† (7).In fact, Johann Sebastian Bach â€Å"borrowed the subject of the second movement of Opus 3 No. 4 for an organ fugue† ( Talbot 193). Not before long, Arcangelo Corelli was back at it again with his composition of Opus 5, the most popular opus of his career with 42 editions being reprinted by 1800 (Talbot 193). Opus 5 is a set of twelve violin and bass sonatas that were dedicated to Sophia Charlotte, Electress of Brandenburg with no clear date of creation (Deas 6). Corelli’s Opus 5 continued to be performed and used as teaching pieces before and after his death (Zaslaw par 2).In fact, according to Zaslaw, â€Å"no other set of works enjoyed a comparable reception in the 18th century† more than Corelli’s Opus 5 (par 1). Before his untimely death, Corelli started, but never finished Opus 6 (Opus Sesta). Opus 6, dedicated to John William, Elector Palatine, was finally finished and published in 1714 (Edwards 526) with help from Corelli’s former pupil Matteo Fornari (Talbot 189). In Corelli's Opus 6 concerto grosso, â€Å"the smaller group consists of two violins and a cello, and the larger of a string orchestra† (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 5).Although Corelli did not invent concerto grosso, â€Å"it was he who proved the potentialities of the form, popularized it, and wrote the first great music for it† and if not for him as a model, â€Å"it would have been impossible for Vivaldi, Handel, and Bach to have given us their concerto grosso masterpieces† (Arcangelo† par 4). Corelli â€Å"reached his creative peak and climaxed all his musical contributions† with the publication of his concerto grosso (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 3). In final consideration, Arcangelo Corelli, Italian violinist, was a heavy hitter of his time p eriod.Corelli had many pupils that included Francesco Geminiani and Antonio Vivaldi who later went on to influence the famous Johann Sebastian Bach (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 9). â€Å"His contributions can be divided three ways, a violinist, composer, and teacher. It was his skill on the new instrument known as the violin and his extensive and very popular concert tours throughout Europe which did most to give that instrument its prominent place in music† (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 2). â€Å"As a violinist, he was one of Europe’s most sought-after teachers, exerting an influence on instrumental technique which spread well into the 18th century† (Kemp par 3).Point in fact, according to Kemp, â€Å"his 48 published trio sonatas, 12 solo violin sonatas and 12 concerti grossi were quickly recognized as offering supreme models of their kind† (par 3). â€Å"As a composer he was the first to become famous based solely on instrumental composition, the first composer whose reputation was directly influenced by music publishers, and the first to produce instrumental works that would become classics† (Cole par 1). Arcangelo Corelli â€Å"has taken a place among the immortal musicians of all time, and he maintains that exalted position today† and will forever remain a pioneer for baroque music (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 10).Works Cited â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. † Baroque Music. Internet Arton Publications, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Cole, Richard. , et al. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. †Ã‚  Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Virginia Tech Department of Music, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013 Deas, Stewart. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. † Music & Letters Jan. 1953, Vol. 34, No. 1: 1-10. JSTOR. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Edwards, Owain. â€Å"Corelli and The Violin. †Ã‚  History Today  26. 8 (1976): 525-531. Academic Search Complete. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Kamien, Roger. Music: An Appreciation. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hi ll, 2011. Print. Kemp, Lindsay. Arcangelo Corelli. † BBC News. BBC, 2003. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Miller, R. J. â€Å"The Baroque Era. †Ã‚  clem. mscd. Appassionata Music Pub. , 2002. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Polyphonic Texture and Genres. †Ã‚  NAU. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Talbot, Michael. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. † Italian Baroque Masters. Ed. Stanley Sadie. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1984. Print. Whent, Chris. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. †Ã‚  HOASM. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Zaslaw, Neal. â€Å"Ornaments for Corelli's Violin Sonatas, Op. 5. †Ã‚  Oxford Journals. Oxford University Press, 1996. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.