One-child policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

One-child policy - Essay Example ture of global peace and development tend to focus on China’s economy, its defense and armaments buildup and China’s access to resources and energy. Yet, the one economic factor that is often overlooked in this analysis is China’s one child policy and it’s fast changing demography. China happens to be the world’s most populated nation. Right after the coming into existence of the People’s Republic of China, the nation experienced a propitious population growth owing to a better medical care and sanitation and this population growth was envisioned to be an advantage (Button 468). Mao Zedong believed that even if the population of China augmented manifold, the nation had the resources to cope up with it. However, a fast increasing population putting stress on the nation’s food security encouraged the government to opt for a one child policy in 1979, a measure that had both favorable and bad consequences for the nation’s economic g rowth, demographic configuration and socio-economic characteristics (Button 467). There is no denying the fact that in the case of underdeveloped nations, supporting and sustaining population in the light of the available scarce resources is a great challenge. In that context China had always been pursuing a very planned and systematic approach towards its population growth in a contemporary scenario. In the light of this fact, the nation introduced the one child policy in 1979, in an aggressive bid to improve its economic situation and to augment the people’s standard of living (Connor 1). The one child policy required the couples belonging to ethnic Han majority to limit themselves to a single child (Connor 1). Although, to begin with, the one child policy was intended to be a short term measure, the nation’s success in reducing the population count by 400 million motivated it to continue with a revised version of the one child policy till today (Connor 1). As per China’s one child policy the urban couples are

Contracts Business Law Essay Example for Free

Contracts Business Law Essay Contracts are often viewed as unnecessary in the eyes of the public. Most people think that they live their lives doing what they want, when they want with little regard for contractual law. In reality, contracts bind the decisions that most people make on a regular basis. By writing this article I will demonstrate the usefulness of contracts and how they relate to everyday life. I also intend to provide a reasonable idea of what would happen if we did not have contracts guiding decisions made. Because without contracts, the law would not know who to rule in favor of should the need arise, which happens on a daily basis all around the world. The basic definition of a contract is an agreement between two or more parties. This definition encompasses a great many things. If you take a look at the life of an average consumer, from the beginning of their day to the end of it, they make decisions based on factors that have been put in place by contracts. Our consumer wakes up in his home, which was bought from K. Hovnanian, a company that is well known for the designing homes and making people’s dream homes come to life. That house was built by contractors. By definition a contractor is a person or firm who contracts to build things. Electricians, carpenters, stonemasons, plumbers, home audio technicians, Sheet-rockers, painters, and floor specialists are all examples of contractors that were involved in making the consumers dream home come to life. However, K. Hovnanian does not have a contract with each of these types of contractors. Instead, they have a contract with a general contractor, who has agreed to hire each of the other types of contractors to complete the work necessary to make the house come to life. Our consumer works out a deal with K. Hovnanian for a certain price, which becomes the binding contract that K.  Hovnanian agrees to build the house for. The trademarks that K. Hovnanian uses to define who they are, is bound to them by a trademark agreement with the United States. According to the Legal Information Institute of Cornell University, A trademark is defined as â€Å"Any word, name, symbol, or design, or any combination thereof, used in commerce to identify and distinguish the goods of one manufacturer or seller from those of another and to indicate the source of the goods. † By registering this trademark our consumer is able to safely say that it is K. Hovnanian they are dealing and not someone who is pretending to be them. Once the home is completed then, the consumer would then bring in a third party, to the agreement: Bank of America. Bank of America has entered into an agreement with our consumer to pay K. Hovnanian for the home built. In turn, the consumer must pay back Bank of America over the next twenty years at a fixed interest rate the amount of money borrowed. This becomes a mortgage contract. According to the Legal information institute at Cornell University, â€Å"A mortgage contract, involves the transfer of an interest in land as security for a loan or other obligation. this is the most common method of financing real estate transactions. The mortgagor in this case K. Hovnanian is the party transferring the interest in land. The mortgagee, Bank of America, is the providing the loan given in exchange security. â€Å"Normally, a mortgage is paid in installments that include both interest and a payment on the principle amount that was borrowed. † Now that our consumer has bought his home and is moving in, a decision is made to buy items for the home that will be necessary for the consumer to live comfortably. Our consumer goes to Kmart and uses their Visa credit card to pay for a number of items such made by brand name companies such as Martha Stewart Living or Craftsman, the bill of sale, otherwise known as the receipt, is an agreement to pay the store for the amount of goods purchased. However, that is only the basics of the idea. The long process of agreements that we do not see and probably do not think about is there is a contract for every minor detail, allowing this transaction to happen. The consumer uses their Visa to purchase these goods up to a pre-determined dollar amount. Therefore, a request was made by the consumer to purchase the merchandise being sold by Kmart using Visa and, in turn an agreement was made with Visa to pay back in due time the amount for the goods purchased, plus interest of course. In turn, Kmart has agreed to honor Visa as per their contract with Visa. They worked out an agreement before hand to accept Visa, which would increase their sales and Visa would be allowed to keep a small percentage of the sale for the ability to use their services. However, to use the services provided by Visa, Kmart must have an agreement with a company that allows them to go beyond their store via electronic communications. The use of services through a company such as Verizon would be necessary. Verizon provides high speed internet as well as telephone services to companies like Kmart to allow them to access outside of the walls of the business. Therefore, Kmart enters into a binding contract with Verizon, for a pre-determined amount of time and a pre-determined amount of money allowing Kmart to use the services Verizon provides. Now that Kmart has the means to reach the outside world, they must purchase equipment, such as MagTek equipment, that would allow Kmart to use the Visa card allowing consumers to make a purchase on credit for goods that Kmart Provides. According to MagTek’s Website, â€Å"MagTek is a manufacturer of electronic devices and systems for the reliable issuance, reading, transmission and security of cards, checks, PINs and other identification documents. † Among the electronic devices, is a magnetic strip reader allowing consumers to use Visa credit cards to make purchases. Kmart also has an agreement with Omnimedia, the owning entity of the Martha Stewart living products, and Craftsman, a company that makes tools for everyday use. This type of agreement is known an exclusive dealing arrangement. According to the Legal Information Institute at Cornell University, â€Å"Exclusive dealing arrangements are, essentially, requirement contracts in which a seller agrees to sell all or a substantial portion of its products or services to a particular buyer, or when a buyer similarly agrees to purchase all or a portion of its requirements of a product or service from a particular seller. This means that Kmart buys all of its tools from craftsman or all of its household items from Omnimedia. The reverse to this, is that Craftsman or Omnimedia may have an exclusive dealing arrangement in which they agree not to sell their products to competing companies or franchises. As you can see, there is much more going on in behind the curtains of a typical day, so that the consumer is able to live their life. These are only a handful of examples of what parts of our lives contracts have an impact on. There are many more out there. The opposite of having a life filled with contracts, is having one without them, which would likely be a life filled with chaos. Imagine the same scenario in the last few pages, but without contracts binding the many parties involved. Our consumer would set out to buy a home which they decide to do business with K. Hovnanian. On a handshake and a smile K. Hovnanian agrees to build the home, but changes things that the consumer specifically said he wanted to alter the price of the home. After a couple of weeks K.  Hovnanian contacts our consumer to let them know that they were able to secure the land, but the price will be higher. Reluctantly, the consumer agrees, after all this is a dream home that is being built. Another two weeks goes by, and K Hovnanian calls and says construction is right on schedule and that the house will be completed within the next couple of weeks. K Hovnanian and our consumer come to an agreement of money and the consumer has his bank give the money to K. Hovnanian as agreed. After a couple of Months of communication silence, the consumer gets agitated and goes to the lot where his house was being built. There is no house and no construction crew. He goes to the location where K. Hovnanian was only to find out they have closed their doors and left. After contacting some sources to find out the whereabouts of K. Hovnanian, the consumer finds out that the company he has been dealing with was not K. Hovnanian at all, just someone taking advantage of people using the K. Hovnanian name to get money for free. The one contract in all of this that our consumer did setup was with Bank of America for his Mortgage, which is now legally binding. The consumer cannot pay the mortgage and therefore his credit gets destroyed because of a failure to pay and a foreclosure on a home he never saw, which makes it so he never had a Visa card to pay for the purchases from Kmart. Because there was no contract, there was no crime. The company doing business as K. Hovnanian was not wrong because there is no copyright or trademark contract protecting the K. Hovnanian name. The consumer gave them money even though nothing had been in writing and no formal contract was made. In the end, this consumer was taken advantage of because contracts for the situation did not exist. The United States has placed many laws to protect the rights of companies and the trademark they possess. â€Å"Section 1127 Construction and definitions; intent of chapter,† is the chapter in US Code that defines the parameters in which a company may define or lose definition of their trademark. In turn, â€Å"The Lanham Act† protects the owner of a federally registered trademark from anyone not authorized, to use it (http://www. gpoaccess. gov/uscode/). Also under United States Code under section 1454, is the protection of consumer’s rights when making purchases of land by obtaining a mortgage. These rights are put in place to protect the Bank issuing the mortgage, as well as, the consumer. All in all, Contracts are a part of our everyday lives whether we want it to be or not. They may not always be seen nor the effects of it so obvious, but they are there, and their purpose is to protect all parties involved from entering an agreement without understanding and respecting the rights of the other parties of the contract.

Discrimination Against Those with AIDS :: Discrimination AIDS

Discrimination has grown over the years to be a major problem around the world. There are many different issues that discrimination addresses. One of the main issues that it evaluates is HIV/AIDS. Many people who are infected with the disease are discriminated against for something that they cannot control after they are diagnosed. More specifically, insurance companies and employers are one of the big factors in discrimination of these people in the work place. It is very important to them because they need the money in order to live and they need to coverage in order to stay healthy. Many people go through this battle of live with companies in order to survive, like Devin a middle aged man. These are very important issues that needs to be evaluated closely at and also their needs to be a solution for this problem in the world today. The Issue Do insurance companies and employers discriminate against people after they are informed that a person has HIV/AIDS? This is an important question at issue because many people and their loved ones are affected with terminal diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. Also, it is important because they are treated with disrespectful and it is not how any human being should be treated or cared for. They are regular looking and acting humans that happen to be infected with this horrific disease and that is the sole reason that they are being discriminated against. The public is unaware that they will not get the disease by touching the victim or using the same products or utensils as them. The only way that they could catch the disease from anyone is if they have sexual relations with them or if the share needles by taking drugs with someone who is infected with the virus. â€Å"Two decades after HIV first appeared an estimated 30 million people worldwide have contracted the virus; 11.7 million people have dies of AIDS† (Frankowski xi). This deadly virus has continually and rapidly spread to all different people. Around the world this virus is a major problem and is affecting more women and children then ever before. Although when this disease first appeared it was male dominated, but they have passed it on to the women and in which case they pass on to their children when they are in the womb.

Comparing Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market and William Wordsworth’s T

Comparing Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market and William Wordsworth’s The Thorn On the surface, the poems â€Å"Goblin Market† by Christina Rossetti and â€Å"The Thorn† by William Wordsworth appear to be very different literary works. â€Å"Goblin Market† was written by a young woman in the Victorian period about two sisters who develop a special bond through the rescue of one sister by the other. â€Å"The Thorn† was written by the Romantic poet William Wordsworth about a middle-aged man and his experience overlooking a woman’s emotional breakdown. Material to understanding the works â€Å"Goblin Market† and â€Å"The Thorn† is recognizing the common underlying themes of sex and gender and how these themes affect perspective in both poems. In Christina Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Market,† the main foci are on feminism and the oppression of women by men. The first part of Rossetti’s message is given through her thoughts on feminism, which is surely a major theme in this poem. For instance, the two main characters, Laura and Lizzie, reside free of any positive male interaction. Considering Rossetti’s background as part of Victorian society, the conclusion can be made that Rossetti longed for a place where she could be free of masculine overbearance. Even so, she understood the impossibility of any such personally ideal world. The poem illustrates this realization by including the Goblin men, who seem to haunt the female characters. The Goblin men’s low-pitched cries follow the girls. Laura and Lizzie constantly hear the goblins in the forest: â€Å"†¦Morning and evening / Maids heard the goblins cry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rossetti, 1713.) Even while the characters were a lone or in the exclusive presence of women, the presence of the Goblin men exist... ...seful miscommunication between men and women. Lastly, when looking through the imagined perspective of the thoughtless male tricksters, the reader is shown the heartlessness of men. After this reader’s final consideration, the main theme in each of the presented poems is that both authors saw women as victims of a male dominated society. Works Cited: Jackson, Geoffrey. â€Å"Moral Dimensions of ‘The Thorn.’† Wordsworth Circle. 10 (1979): 91-96. Mermin, Dorothy. â€Å"Heroic Sisterhood in ‘Goblin Market.’† Victorian Poetry. 21 (1983): 107-118. Rossetti, Christina. â€Å"Goblin Market.† The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. 2B. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. New York: Longman, 1999. 1712-1724. Wordsworth, William. â€Å"The Thorn.† The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. 2B. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. New York: Longman, 1999. 319-325.

Arcangelo Corelli: the Period, Life, and Works

Brianna Hunter MUL1110-3060 Professor Kranz February 20, 2013 Arcangelo Corelli: The Period, Life, and Works Music was discovered thousands of years ago and has only progressively gotten better with the invention of instruments and the development of musical dynamics. During the baroque period, in which Arcangelo Corelli lived and died, music was beginning to evolve into a more diverse musical experience. Arcangelo Corelli was one of the few violin and musical composer pioneers that helped shape music and create some of the most recognized compositions of his era.According to Baroque Music, Corelli not only shared his musical knowledge with fellow musicians, but was known as the â€Å"founder of modern violin technique,† the â€Å"world’s first great violinist,† and the â€Å"father of concerto grosso. † The period, life, and works in which the great Arcangelo Corelli lived will be discussed in greater detail as the paper progresses. To begin, the baroque period, also known as the â€Å"age of absolutism,† is classified by the years 1600, in which opera began, to the death of Johann Sebastian Bach in 1750 (Kamien 99).Opera was birthed in Italy within the baroque period and provided the people a show of â€Å"magnificent extravagance† with more emphasis on the words than the music (Kamien 118-19). Furthermore, the baroque styled opera marked the entrance of castrato singers. These singers were males who had been castrated before they hit puberty to ensure the lung power of men and the vocal range of women. â€Å"By combining virtuosity, nobility, and extravagance, baroque opera perfectly expressed the spirit of a grand age† (Kamien 120).As well as the start of opera, the texture of the music was imperative during the baroque period. In the early baroque period, from 1600 to 1640, musicians favored the homophonic texture of music. Early baroque composers thought the only way to clearly project the lyrics of the so ngs was to have a main, constant melody with stressed contrasting sounds by singers against a chorus or using voices against instruments. On the contrast, during the late baroque period, 1690-1750, the favored texture was polyphonic, just as it had been during the renaissance period (Kamien 102).According to NAU, â€Å"polyphonic texture contains two or more active melodies†¦ with emphasis placed upon the interplay between lines, rather than on a single melody or a stream of chord sounds† (par 1). In addition, the layering of voices shares importance with the polyphonic texture of the baroque period. â€Å"Layering is when two or more voices move at different but closely related levels of rhythmic activity, similar to different parts of a machine moving at different but related speeds† (â€Å"Polyphonic† par 2).Although homophonic texture paved a way for music of the baroque period, most of the baroque compositions that are well-known used the polyphonic te xture which helped â€Å"instrumental music become as important as vocal music for the first time† (Kamien 102) In addition, the form of the music in the baroque period was also important. The musical forms varied from sonatas to concerto grosso to the most basic forms. For instance, the two basic musical forms are ternary form, which is a three-part A B A sequence, and binary form, which is a two-part A B sequence.The most commonly used basic form of the baroque period was the ternary form, which had sounds that mirrored â€Å"a statement, a contrast or departure, and a return,† hinting an A B A sequence (Kamien 49-50). Next, the concerto grosso was very essential for late baroque. The concerto grosso, â€Å"a small group of soloists pitted against a larger group of players called the tutti (all),† was used by orchestras in upper-class palaces that provided the soloists with â€Å"brilliant and fanciful melodic lines† (Kamien 108).Finally, the sonatas we re popular in the baroque period for churches, performances, and for leisure. A sonata is â€Å"a composition in several movements for one to eight instruments. † In the same way, the trio sonata gained popularity with composers because they were composing for three melodic lines (Kamien 125). With that in mind, Arcangelo Corelli composed a trio sonata in 1689 for stringed instruments called the Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10 with four movements (Kamien 126). Although the trio onata would appear to have three parts, the trio sonata in fact has four instrumentalists, with two high instruments and two instruments for the lower basso continuo (Kamien 125). Relatively, tempo was an important development of the baroque era. Before the seventeenth century, tempo was indicated by notations. Conversely, the baroque period was the beginning of using terms to describe tempo which originated in Italy and quickly spread throughout Europe. Consequently, the terms still used today t o describe tempo are in Italian.For example, allegro means a fast tempo, accelerando means becoming faster, and largo means a very slow tempo. Even though the terms were created, some composers still had confusion about the many different meanings that the words could denote. In correlation, â€Å"the invention of the metronome allowed composers to become very precise with their tempo markings, however most conductors and performers still tend to regard tempo as a matter of interpretation† (Miller par 4). In Fusignano, Italy, on February 17, 1653, over 360 years ago, Italian violinist Arcangelo Corelli was born to a prosperous family.Santa and Arcangelo Corelli Sr. had five children together, including Arcangelo— Ippolito, Domenico, Giovanna and Giacinto. Corelli was named after his father who unfortunately died a month before his birth and as a result, he was raised by his single mother, Santa Corelli (Talbot 181). Corelli’s initial musical studies were with th e local clergy near Faenza, Italy and then finally studied in Bologna, Italy in 1666. â€Å"His studies there were with Giovanni Benvenuti and Leonardo Brugnoli, the former representing the disciplined style of the Accademia filarmonica (to which Corelli was admitted in 1670)† (Whent par 1).According to Padre Martini, Arcangelo Corelli took his first violin lessons at Bologna from Benvenuti and then later Brugnoli (Talbot 181). In the mid 1670’s, Corelli established himself in Rome, Italy where he found himself in the service of Queen Christina of Sweden in 1679 (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 1). Prior to meeting Queen Christina, Corelli â€Å"appeared as a violinist in the orchestra that recruited for a series of Lenten oratorios at S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini† in 1676 (Talbot 182). In 1681, Arcangelo dedicated his Opus1 to the Queen of Sweden which he escribed as the â€Å"first fruits of his studies† (Talbot 183-84). In 1684, Corelli began to regularly pe rform at musical functions for an employer named Cardinal Pamphili. Shortly after beginning his services for Pamphili, Corelli dedicated his Opus 2 to him in 1685 (Talbot 185). Correspondingly, â€Å"on July 9, 1687 Cardinal Pamphili engaged Corelli as his music master at a monthly salary of ten Florentine piasters† (Talbot 186). At this time, Corelli and his pupil, Matteo Fornari, moved into Pamphili’s palace to serve their talents.Sadly, Pamphili moved out of Rome in 1690, which left Corelli to find a new patron. Fortunately, Corelli quickly found patronage in Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, to whom he dedicated his Opus 4 to (Kemp par 1). Luckily for Corelli, Ottoboni viewed him more as friend than a servant and allowed Corelli to live the rest of his life in his palace (Kemp par 2). Furthermore, Corelli directed opera pieces at the Cancelleria and the Tordinona theatre. In â€Å"Naples, Italy on May 1, 1702, Corelli played Scarlatti’s Tiberio, imperator d’ Oriente† (Talbot 188).With his evidently superior skills, â€Å"in 1706 Corelli was elected as one of only a handful of musicians to the select the artistic circle known as the Accademia degli Arcadi† (Kemp par 2). Regrettably, after 1708, Arcangelo Corelli discharged himself from the public’s eye, and â€Å"busied himself with the composition of concerti grosso† (Talbot 189). A few years later, in December of 1712, his health began to deteriorate. Consequently, Corelli wrote his will on January 5, 1713, in which he left â€Å"all his violins, his manuscripts, the plates of his Opus 4, and his future Opus 6† to his pupil, Matteo Fornari.Three days later, Arcangelo Corelli, at the age of 59, died in Rome, Italy (Talbot 189) and was buried in the Pantheon, near Raphael Sanzio da Urbino, a famous painter (Kemp par 3). â€Å"The anniversary of his death was marked for several years afterwards by solemn performances of his concertos in the Pantheon† (Talbot 190). In relation to Corelli’s musical success, his musical style was revolutionary. â€Å"Corelli popularized certain rhythmical stereotypes, in particular the ‘walking’ or ‘running’ bass in which an inessential note is interposed between two harmony notes† (Talbot 196). His allegros are characterized by rapid changes of harmony underlining the metrical structure, repeated notes, widely ranging themes, idiomatic violin writing†¦ and a mechanically progressive rhythm† (Whent par 6). Even though Arcangelo Corelli was an innovator of sorts, the only device he is named after is the ‘Corelli clash’ (â€Å"where the late resolution on to the leading note at a cadence coincides with the anticipation of the tonic note in the companion upper part†) which was popular in 1680’s dance music (Talbot 196).According to Talbot, â€Å"in formal matters, Corelli is often credited with the clearest exposition of the difference between the ‘church’ and ‘chamber’ varieties of sonata, and the establishment of four movements as the norm in both† (196). â€Å"Few composers achieved so much so quickly, and with such economical means, as Corelli† (200). Undoubtedly, Arcangelo Corelli created many masterpieces that received much praise during and after his lifetime. His Opus 1, to whom he dedicated to Queen Christina of Sweden, is twelve church trio-sonatas. (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 8).Opus 1 (Opera Prima) was written for â€Å"two violins and Violone or Archlute with organ bass and in a somewhat serious contrapuntal style† (Deas 7). Admittedly, Opus 1 has been reprinted â€Å"through 35 known editions between 1681 and 1785† (Talbot 193). Following Opus 1 and 2, Corelli created Opus 3 (Opera Terza), which is a set of twelve trio-sonatas in dedication to the Duke of Modena in 1689 (Deas 6). According to Deas, in Opus 3 â€Å"there is plenty of vigorous independent part-writing in the many fugal movements and, in the slow introductions and middle movements, a poise and dignity that might be called Handelian† (7).In fact, Johann Sebastian Bach â€Å"borrowed the subject of the second movement of Opus 3 No. 4 for an organ fugue† ( Talbot 193). Not before long, Arcangelo Corelli was back at it again with his composition of Opus 5, the most popular opus of his career with 42 editions being reprinted by 1800 (Talbot 193). Opus 5 is a set of twelve violin and bass sonatas that were dedicated to Sophia Charlotte, Electress of Brandenburg with no clear date of creation (Deas 6). Corelli’s Opus 5 continued to be performed and used as teaching pieces before and after his death (Zaslaw par 2).In fact, according to Zaslaw, â€Å"no other set of works enjoyed a comparable reception in the 18th century† more than Corelli’s Opus 5 (par 1). Before his untimely death, Corelli started, but never finished Opus 6 (Opus Sesta). Opus 6, dedicated to John William, Elector Palatine, was finally finished and published in 1714 (Edwards 526) with help from Corelli’s former pupil Matteo Fornari (Talbot 189). In Corelli's Opus 6 concerto grosso, â€Å"the smaller group consists of two violins and a cello, and the larger of a string orchestra† (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 5).Although Corelli did not invent concerto grosso, â€Å"it was he who proved the potentialities of the form, popularized it, and wrote the first great music for it† and if not for him as a model, â€Å"it would have been impossible for Vivaldi, Handel, and Bach to have given us their concerto grosso masterpieces† (Arcangelo† par 4). Corelli â€Å"reached his creative peak and climaxed all his musical contributions† with the publication of his concerto grosso (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 3). In final consideration, Arcangelo Corelli, Italian violinist, was a heavy hitter of his time p eriod.Corelli had many pupils that included Francesco Geminiani and Antonio Vivaldi who later went on to influence the famous Johann Sebastian Bach (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 9). â€Å"His contributions can be divided three ways, a violinist, composer, and teacher. It was his skill on the new instrument known as the violin and his extensive and very popular concert tours throughout Europe which did most to give that instrument its prominent place in music† (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 2). â€Å"As a violinist, he was one of Europe’s most sought-after teachers, exerting an influence on instrumental technique which spread well into the 18th century† (Kemp par 3).Point in fact, according to Kemp, â€Å"his 48 published trio sonatas, 12 solo violin sonatas and 12 concerti grossi were quickly recognized as offering supreme models of their kind† (par 3). â€Å"As a composer he was the first to become famous based solely on instrumental composition, the first composer whose reputation was directly influenced by music publishers, and the first to produce instrumental works that would become classics† (Cole par 1). Arcangelo Corelli â€Å"has taken a place among the immortal musicians of all time, and he maintains that exalted position today† and will forever remain a pioneer for baroque music (â€Å"Arcangelo† par 10).Works Cited â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. † Baroque Music. Internet Arton Publications, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Cole, Richard. , et al. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. †Ã‚  Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Virginia Tech Department of Music, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013 Deas, Stewart. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. † Music & Letters Jan. 1953, Vol. 34, No. 1: 1-10. JSTOR. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Edwards, Owain. â€Å"Corelli and The Violin. †Ã‚  History Today  26. 8 (1976): 525-531. Academic Search Complete. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Kamien, Roger. Music: An Appreciation. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hi ll, 2011. Print. Kemp, Lindsay. Arcangelo Corelli. † BBC News. BBC, 2003. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Miller, R. J. â€Å"The Baroque Era. †Ã‚  clem. mscd. Appassionata Music Pub. , 2002. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Polyphonic Texture and Genres. †Ã‚  NAU. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Talbot, Michael. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. † Italian Baroque Masters. Ed. Stanley Sadie. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1984. Print. Whent, Chris. â€Å"Arcangelo Corelli. †Ã‚  HOASM. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Zaslaw, Neal. â€Å"Ornaments for Corelli's Violin Sonatas, Op. 5. †Ã‚  Oxford Journals. Oxford University Press, 1996. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.

Search and Seizure Essay Example

Search and Seizure Essay Example Search and Seizure Essay Search and Seizure Essay Unit 5: Midterm Project Carolyn Newton Associates Capstone in Criminal Justice CJ299-01 Professor: Jennifer Wills October 3, 2011 The search of the crime scene is the most important phase of any investigation. Decisions of the courts restricting admissibility of testimonial evidence have significantly increased the value of physical evidence in homicide investigations. Therefore, law enforcement personnel involved in the crime scene search must arrange for the proper and effective collection of evidence at the scene. The arguments the lawyer’s will make in the William’s case is: once an item is recognized as evidence it must be properly collected and preserved for laboratory examination. However, in order for physical evidence to be admissible, it must have been legally obtained. The courts have severely restricted the right of the police to search certain homicide crime scenes without a search warrant, (Mincey v. Arizona 437 US 385, 1978). His lawyer’s argument will be that Williams Forth Amendment rights were violated because it states that: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized therefore, the police should have first secured a search warrant†. Because the evidence collected at the Ellis home was obtained without a warrant, this would be the argument of the defense to have the evidence excluded. The exclusion in this case should only pertain to the evidence collected from the Ellis home. Any and all evidence that was collected from the Stevens home should not be excluded because it was collected with consent of the homeowner. In this case, Mrs. Stevens gave permission for the police to search her home and the fact that Mr. Stevens was now deceased; there would be no need for his consent. Without probable cause or a warrant, the police can search when they have voluntary consent from the individual. The consent must in fact be voluntary and not the result of duress or coercion expresses or implied. State v. Pearson, 234 Kan. 906, 631 P. 2d 605 (1984); Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U. S. 218, 225-26, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 36 L. Ed. 2d 854 (1973). Consent would be a legal justification for a search because it states that: If the person who is in control of the property consents to the search without being coerced or tricked into doing so, a search without a warrant is valid. Note that police do not have to tell you that you have the right to refuse a search, but you do. Also, note that if you have a roommate, he or she can consent to a search of the common areas of your dwelling (kitchen, living room), but not to your private areas (bedroom, for instance). On the other hand, the Supreme Court recently ruled that one spouse cannot consent to the search of a house on behalf of the other. In 1984 The Supreme Court once again stepped in to address the same issue in Thompson v Louisiana 469 US 17 (1984). In the Thompson case, a woman who was reportedly depressed shot and killed her husband. She then took an overdose of pills in an attempt to commit suicide. She then suddenly experienced a change-of-heart and decided she didnt want to die. She called her daughter, who in turn called the Sheriffs Department, which dispatched an ambulance and deputies to the womans home. The woman was transported to the hospital where she was treated. Investigators were called to the house and gathered evidence of the murder in the crime scene. The woman was subsequently charged and convicted in the murder of her husband. The United States Supreme Court ruled against The State of Louisiana citing the Mincey Decision and the expectation of privacy provided in the Fourth Amendment. The womans conviction was overturned. Once again the courts ruled that there was NO Homicide Exception and that the police were required to obtain a search warrant. The Exclusionary Rule is available to a defendant in a criminal case as a remedy for illegal searches that violate the rights set forth in the Fourth Amendment. When applicable, the rule dictates that the evidence illegally btained must be excluded as evidence under the Fourth Amendment. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643. One important corollary to the Exclusionary Rule is the â€Å"fruit of the poisonous tree† doctrine. (McManus 2003). This rule holds that, in addition to the material uncovered during the illegal search being inadmissible, any evidence that is later gathered as an indirect result of the illegal search will also be excluded. Wong Sun v. United St ates, 371 U. S. 471. Example: 1- Say for instance, the police illegally search an individual’s home and find drugs. The drugs will be excluded as evidence in the case against the individual in accordance with the exclusionary rule. Example : 2 If the police conduct an illegal search of an individual’s home and find a map showing the location of a well-hidden, remotely located outdoor marijuana field. The police go to the field and seize the marijuana. Under the doctrine of fruit of the poisonous tree, the marijuana will be excluded as evidence in the case against the individual as it stemmed directly from an illegal search. There are two important exceptions to the â€Å"fruit of the poisonous tree† doctrine: 1. If the police have an independent source of knowledge of the evidence aside from the fruits of the illegal search, then the doctrine will not exclude the discovered evidence. 2. If the discovery of the evidence was inevitable, the evidence may be admitted, as it was not then the illegal search that caused the evidence to be found. â€Å"Inevitable† is a strong word, and in order to admit evidence under this exception, a court must find that police would have discovered the evidence whether or not they conducted the unreasonable search. Example: 1: 2- If an officer illegally searches an individual’s barn and discovers documents identifying the individual as the culprit behind an internet scam. The next day a confidential informant e-mails the officer the same documents. The documents are admissible as evidence because there was an independent source for the evidence besides the illegal search After arriving at the scene, I would have taken the route least likely to disturb evidence, noting my route of travel. After checking the victim for signs of life, (breathing and neck area for pulse). I would then have noted the time of arrival. Before allowing the removal of the victim (Mr. Williams), I would have photographed his position at the scene and obtained any and all physical evidence from victim. After notifying command, I would then request assistance, and begin by making a video tape recording of the crime scene which would include video tape shots of the evidence being collected, and examining the victim at scene. I would then begin organizing the search by adopting a specific plan, assigning tasks areas of search to individual officers. One officer would be assigned to collect, mark and transport items found. I would then execute the search by carefully following the planned assigned tasks. Next, by marking and photographing the location of objects found such as the knife, latent fingerprints, footprints, tool marks, hair, fragments of cloth, buttons, cigarette butts, bloodstains, etc. All of this would be done while the team is waiting for the search warrant to arrive. References Hendrie, Edward M. // FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin; Sep97, Vol. 66 Issue 9, p26 McManus, Brian C. // Defense Counsel Journal; Apr2003, Vol. 70 Issue 2, p540 (Mincey v. Arizona 437 US 385 (1978). State v. Pearson, 234 Kan. 906, 631 P. 2d 605 (1984); Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412. Thompson v Louisiana 469 US 17 (1984). S. 218, 225-26, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 36 L. Ed. 2d, 854 (1973).

the leadership moment essays

the leadership moment essays The Leadership Moment is a collection of "nine true stories of triumph and disaster and their lessons for us all." The stories are familiar: Eugene Kranz and Apollo 13; John Gutfreund and Salomon Brothers; Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and the Civil War, to name a few. The stories are drawn from the past and present, represent a wide-range of challenges that include both natural and man-made disasters, and illustrate lessons of success and failure. The author, Michael Useem, is the director of the Wharton Schools Center for Leadership and Change Management. He does a superb job of relating the events and definitive moments of each narrative. Events unfold with the right mix of facts and drama to keep the reader interested. Lessons, or implications as Useem calls them, are woven throughout the narratives. Charts and pictures supplement the text where appropriate. The nine stories are sandwiched by an introduction and conclusion. All the implications presented in the book, about 40, are summarized in a final chapter called "A Leader's Guide." The book assumes that much can be learned about leadership by the successes and failures of others. The author's concluding chapter extracts nine leadership principles from the nine leadership moments: know yourself, explain yourself, expect much, gain commitment, build now, prepare yourself, move fast, find yourself, and remain steadfast. The Leadership Moment reads like an adventure novel. Even the books cover, mountain climbers trudging up a foreboding slope, promotes a sense of intrigue and danger. Useem is a great storyteller. His selection of narratives provokes many thoughts about leadership triumphs and disasters. My only real frustrations with the book stem from the implications and the nine leadership principles. The 40 implications that Useem introduces across the nine chapters can overwhelm a reader. Even though he summarizes them in the Leadershi...

French Rev Essay

French Rev Essay French Rev Essay The French Revolution did fulfill the ideas of the Enlightenment. The French Revolution idea was brought over across the Atlantic Ocean from the Americas. The French abetted the colonies on their revolution against Britain and France got the same idea to split with its king. It all started when the king locked the 3rd estate out of the court meeting and so they later met in a tennis court and started the writing of the Constitution. They wrote down what they understood should be for everyone. Many disagreed and so began the French Revolution. The French Revolutions initial goal was to overthrow the monarchical system and the belief of absolutism in France. Although it didn't go as intended, although it still was able to convey equality and the idea of the Enlightenment such has separation of powers, religious toleration and natural rights into actuality among the people. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen is an example of this Enlightenment idea happening. It talks about how men and citizens are assured religious freedom, freedom of speech and press and inalienable rights. â€Å"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights†¦ The purpose of all political associations is the preservation of the natural†¦ rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.† – Articles 1 and 2, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. This is an example of a John Locke’s idea of natural law and equality under the law, that everyone is born with and it is something that can’t be taken away. Allowed all men to be appointed into public office that should be based on talent and that no group should be except from taxation. This document was a huge step into creating the Constitution. This brought all three estates into one group, the people of France. This is like the Bill of R ights in the U.S that was used to display equality though out the United States. It is the foundation of what the Constitution is based on. This document however didn't talk about the role of women or slavery; it did talk about the citizens implying to those other who weren't men and this was a huge step into finally enlightening France and breaking away from monarchy and its evil tormentor. The Constitution also played a vast part into bringing the Enlightenment ideas into France. Many people that influenced some articles of this document were Montesquieu, Locke, Voltaire and Rousseau. The French Constitution talks about the guaranteed rights and equality of everyone. It also talks about what can and can’t be done. â€Å"That all taxes shall be assessed equally upon all citizens†¦ the legislative power may not make any laws which infringe upon†¦ the Constitution.† – The French Constitution of 1791. The Constitution of the United States is still in place today and it is what we Americans are proud of and what we respect something that gave us our independence. This French Constitution is what helps get their independence from the king and the other estates. It brought the idea

Music paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music paper - Essay Example There is no doubt that the outward appearance of these two is very dissimilar to each other, however, both are alike. Starting from the basic elements of the two, they are analogous. The elements of music can be taken to be different manifestations of the elements of visual arts. For example, color in visual arts can be comparable to harmony in music. Color is a very important element of visual arts – use of color is what makes the piece of art stand apart: the amount as well as the technique in which color is applied to a visual art piece will definitely go a long way in qualifying and categorizing it. Moreover, if color is not properly or appropriately used, it can have a devastating effect in visual arts. Similarly, in music, harmony is what sets a piece of music apart from the rest. Harmony, or lack of it, can make a certain piece of music enjoyable or unpleasant. Also, harmony can also help in classifying music, just like color does in visual arts. Moreover, value, a way of analyzing the intensity of color in visual arts, can be parallel to timbre in music, which analyzes the intensity of tone in music. Often, visual artists use the intensity of color, or lack thereof, to portray a certain feeling through the piece they are creating. Such is the case in music as well: musicians also take advantage of timbre in their musical piece to portray certain emotions or to give a certain feel or effect to their creation. The use of space in visual also has its parallel in music. There is a certain sense that visual arts can give with their use of space, not only in helping in its classification but also in the overall effect or feel of the piece. Varying use of space can make the same subject matter have different feels in various manifestations of visual arts. In music, the counterpart of use of space can be rhythmic sense. It is through rhythmic sense or rhythm that music is often arranged. And just like use

International Contemporary Slavery Research Paper

International Contemporary Slavery - Research Paper Example This study will examine international contemporary slavery and the facts that differentiate it from early forms of slavery. The study will also look at the factors that led to modern day slavery, forms of contemporary slavery, the politics involved, the international law and policies on slavery between countries, and steps taken to eradicate the problem. Contemporary slavery Many people approach slavery as part of collective history subscribing to the â€Å"rise and fall† of the slavery trajectory. When people speak of slavery, they imagine enslaved Africans toiling in sugar plantations and finally ending through the two legislations. They do not associate current times with slavery. The fact is that an estimated 27 million slaves exist today in the world. This number is more than double the number of slaves obtained from Africa and transported across the Atlantic. According to the international labor organization, 12.3 million people across the world are in one form of forced labor or another. United Nations estimates that 600,000 to 800,000 persons are trafficked internationally every year. Close to half of those involved in slavery are primarily young girls and women sold out for sexual exploitation (Bales 9). While most countries have anti-trafficking laws in place, their enforcement is erratic and in some, the laws are non-existent. The US State Department points out that 62 countries have failed to convict traffickers under the Palermo protocol as declared by UN. Currently, the slavery industry is estimated to be a $32 billion industry placing it at the same level with illegal arms trade and drug trafficking (Bales 50). International contemporary slavery is similar to past slavery in that it is characterized by violence and exploitation (Bales 12). However, today slavery is no longer a legal institution neither is it significant for any country’s economy. Slavery is also not a relationship based on ethnicity or race. Like in the past, slaver y exists in many forms; but modern slavery has two main characteristics, which differentiate it from early slavery. Today’s slaves are cheap and hence disposable (Bales 12). Today, slaves are cheaper than any other period in slave history. A field worker bought for $14,000 in 1850 would today cost only $100. This dramatically changes the economic scale of slavery. Drop in prices for any commodity affects the demand and supply economies. Currently, there are more potential slaves in the market meaning they cost little but generate high returns. Slave owners today can make returns from slaves as high as 800 percent (Bales, 12). Slaves’ inexpensiveness is good for the slaveholder and good for bottom line business but disastrous for the slaves. Buying slaves at a low price means they do not represent large investment that would require special care. This means that a slave is easily replaced. No one pays attention to the maintenance and care of the slaves or make a point o f keeping records on their whereabouts. If slaves get injured, ill or outlive their usefulness, they become a burden to the slaveholder and are in turn dumped or worse, killed (Bales 15). International contemporary slavery is facilitated by three main factors; population growth, poverty and corruption (Bales 15). After the Second World War, the world experienced population explosion. After 1945, the world

Fundamentals of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamentals of Management - Essay Example These roles will be taken into account during training courses in addition to others roles omitted by in this classification. This matrix does not take into account motivation and inspiring of employees, communication and control functions (Bateman, Snell 2004). The main skills managers need to develop include: a self-assessment, communication, coaching, conflict management and motivation of employees. In this case, the human element plays a major part in the overall success of the project and positive organizational atmosphere. Management of conflicts, an integral part of project management, has assumed a vital strategic role in recent years as organizational attempt to compete through people. Today, projects can create a competitive advantage when they possess or develop human resources that are psychologically strong and organized. Managers should recognize that an employee may expect promotion as an outcome of a high level of contribution in helping to achieve an important organizational objective. They determine the perceived equity of their own position. Feeling about the equity of the exchange is affected by the treatment they receive when compared with what happens to other people. Effective communication and motivation should be th e core of training and employees orientation classes.

What Does it Mean to be Competent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

What Does it Mean to be Competent - Essay Example The undertakings are enormous and the intensity to excel is at its best (Kincheloe 1999). This is an element of discerning success which the vocational education seekers have envisaged for their own selves with regards to their very future domains. What is even better is the fact that they know that short term educational drives would turn them into instantly successful business personnel, which would ultimately help their own cause in the long run. Vocational education is an interesting mode of learning and one that aims to build new frontiers, explore new basics and learn a thing or two about the different realms that the vocational education seekers have their hands firmly grasped upon. It was until the 20th century that formal provision of vocational education remained confined to some specific trade areas. Among these, the automobile vendors like a mechanic and a welder remained supreme. They received vocational education in order to become successful at their trade first hand. It gave them the much-needed niche as well as a point of advantage when they were compared with the educated fraternity who also knew much the same trade. The builders, joiners, mechanics and welders were specialized in their trade and hence given the respect that they deserved (Jennings 1995). This was transferred to other areas of business with the passage of time. However, one aspect that remained ingrained with these welders and mechanics was that they were from the lower socio-economic classes and hence not paid according to their labour and hard work that was put in, day in day out. There was a sense of  stigmatization within the society when it came down to these professionals, wh o attained vocational education with regards to their respective work domains. In the olden times, vocational education was directly linked with apprenticeship and hence there is reason enough to believe that the two were used in an interchangeable fashion.

King Lear - Free topic (your choice) Research Paper

King Lear - Free topic (your choice) - Research Paper Example Themes in Alice in Wonderland Throughout the course of Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland, Alice goes via a mixture of bizarre physical changes. The discomfort that she experiences acts as a symbol for the changes that manifest amid puberty in which she finds the changes as traumatic and experiences discomfort, frustration, and sadness (Chastain 23). Alice constantly finds herself in circumstances in which she risks death, and whereas these threats never materialize, they point out that death lurks behind the absurd events encountered during Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Death may be a significant threat, and Alice starts to comprehend that the threats she encounters may not be entirely absurd. Themes in Wasteland The major themes in Waste Land themes encompass death, rebirth, the seasons, lust, and love. Death in the poem can translate to mean life whereby in dying a being can shape the way for fresh lives. The Christ images within the poem, accompanied by numerous re ligious metaphors, hypothesize rebirth and resurrection as key themes. Eliot’s vision remains essentially of a world that is neither living nor dying; to discontinue the spell, a dramatic change is necessary (Bloom 250). The depiction of that spring as cruel can be regarded as a surprising choice on Eliot’s part; although can bear regarded as a paradox it shapes the rest of the poem to a significant degree. What generates life equally heralds death; the seasons vary, altering from one state to another, although, like history they maintain some form of stasis. In the end, Eliot’s Waste Land can be regarded as almost season less without rain, of real change, and of propagation. Themes in Dubliners Restrictive routines, plus the tedious, mundane details of each day mark the lives of Joyce’s Dubliners and entrap them within circles of disappointment, self-control, and violence (Ingersoll 21). Routine impacts on characters that face who face difficulty predica ments, but it also impacts on characters who bear little open conflict in their lives. Farrington’s work reflects his social and home life yielding his anger, and abusive behaviour, to worsen. With his explosive physical reactions, Farrington mirrors more than any other characters the brutal ramifications of a repetitive existence. The Interconnection of Life and Death Dubliners opens with â€Å"The Sisters† that examines death and the process of memorizing the dead, and close with â€Å"The Dead,† which appeals to the tranquil of the snow that envelops the dead, plus the living. These narratives bookend the collection and highlight regular focus on the meeting point between life and death. The encounters depicted in meeting the newly dead and living, as is the case of â€Å"A Painful Case,† unreservedly explore this meeting point indicating the forms of aftershocks that death can have for the living. Themes in Strange case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The m ost prominent theme in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde can be regarded as good vs. evil. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are readily perceived as an allegory about the good and evil present in all men, as well as the struggle with the two forms of the human personality (Stevenson 11). The repression in this case entails Victorian England in which there are no sexual appetites, no significant expressions of emotion, and no violence. The violence within the novel

What Does it Mean to be Competent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

What Does it Mean to be Competent - Essay Example The undertakings are enormous and the intensity to excel is at its best (Kincheloe 1999). This is an element of discerning success which the vocational education seekers have envisaged for their own selves with regards to their very future domains. What is even better is the fact that they know that short term educational drives would turn them into instantly successful business personnel, which would ultimately help their own cause in the long run. Vocational education is an interesting mode of learning and one that aims to build new frontiers, explore new basics and learn a thing or two about the different realms that the vocational education seekers have their hands firmly grasped upon. It was until the 20th century that formal provision of vocational education remained confined to some specific trade areas. Among these, the automobile vendors like a mechanic and a welder remained supreme. They received vocational education in order to become successful at their trade first hand. It gave them the much-needed niche as well as a point of advantage when they were compared with the educated fraternity who also knew much the same trade. The builders, joiners, mechanics and welders were specialized in their trade and hence given the respect that they deserved (Jennings 1995). This was transferred to other areas of business with the passage of time. However, one aspect that remained ingrained with these welders and mechanics was that they were from the lower socio-economic classes and hence not paid according to their labour and hard work that was put in, day in day out. There was a sense of  stigmatization within the society when it came down to these professionals, wh o attained vocational education with regards to their respective work domains. In the olden times, vocational education was directly linked with apprenticeship and hence there is reason enough to believe that the two were used in an interchangeable fashion.

Oscar Wilde was the fashion critic and editor of the magazine the Essay - 1

Oscar Wilde was the fashion critic and editor of the magazine the woman's world(1887-1889). Analize this contribution to fashion criticism - Essay Example Grundy’s play is one among many artistic works that depicted the woman’s position in the society. Another evidence of womens inferiority in the 18th century portrayed through the manner in which the â€Å"lady’s world† magazine was edited before Oscar Wilde came took over the editorship (Tusan 2005, P.68). Oscar Wilde claims that the magazine had no motivational content that concerned women because content mostly contained gossips, music, art, fashion, and other common issues. Nevertheless, things changed when Oscar Wilde joined the publishing company as the editor of the magazine. The content and the appearance of the magazine never made much sense to him and that is why he transformed every bit of the magazine including its name (Schaffer 2000, p. 9). The name changed from â€Å"the lady’s world† to the â€Å"woman’s world†. Additionally, the magazine acquired a better appealing look that contained fancy pictures of modernized fashionable women. The magazine also changed its contents by including empowerment issues that aimed at uplifting women, which included women’s need for progressive education, women’s indulgence in politics, women’s involvement in the businesses of society and above all women’s equal share in dominating the world (Fortunato 2012, p. 30). This meant that the magazine transformed from its usual boring article into an empowering and informative article shunning the usual fashion content (Böker 2002, p. 44). Though critics base their critics on the fact that Wilde transformed the magazine by erasing the fashion issue, which is not the case because Oscar Wilde did not completely erase the fashion issue but rather refined it by adding more content, because evidently, he only reduced the fashion section from four to two. Prior to Wilde reducing past issues in the magazine and adding up empowering content, Wilde also incorporated women authors who greatly contributed in writing the magazine (Tusan 2005, P.68). Generally,

Steven Biko Essay Example for Free

Steven Biko Essay â€Å"Steven Biko is not a hero, he is man like Donald Woods. They are both fighting for a better South Africa. † Cry Freedom, written by John Briley is about apartheid in South Africa. Steve Biko is a black leader who encouraged his people to stand for their rights and fight without violence. Donald Woods, an editor for the local newspaper, was shown by Biko the difficult lives of the black people under the white government. Consequently, Woods understands the struggles of the blacks, and tries to help spreading Biko’s messages after he died. I believe that both Steve Biko and Donald Woods are heroes because they were both fighting for a better South Africa. The situation in South Africa was that the black people wanted to break away from the control of the whites and wanted to have equality between white people. For example, White people live in big houses with electricity, whereas black people live in small and old houses without electricity. The black people must have a pass when they enter white peoples area, otherwise, they will go to prison. For example, Steven Biko said â€Å"and even to stay In a legal township like this on, the white boss must sign your pass every month, the white government tells you which house to live in and what the rent is. † Pg. 17 Steve Biko is a hero, he risked his life for a better South Africa. He had helped people and the majority of black people liked him, some white people too. â€Å"Let us have our place, in our own way, and then we will come together with our white brothers and sisters and find a way to live in peace. † Biko said to Woods. Page16. Steve Biko built a clinic in Zanempilo. He was explaining to Woods why he started clinic at Zanempilo, â€Å"when I was a student, I suddenly realised that it wasn’t just the job I was studying for that was white. The history we read was made by white men, written by white men. Television, medicine cars all invented by white men. Even football. † Because he wanted black people to believe they have the same ability to be a doctor or a leader as a white man. When Steven Biko took Donald to show him the clinic, Steven Biko described the clinic as ‘A Clinic for black people, with black workers and a black doctors. I think Donald Woods was also a hero because he was a very brave man and heroic person. He became a banned person when he tried to go to America and talk about Steven Biko’s death. The police said to him â€Å"You Donald James Wood are declared a banned person, for a period of five years. † He even put his family and himself in danger to go to England and publish the book about Biko’s death. Also, Donald Woods gave a job to Mapetla and Tenjy who were two black people. He was happy to incorporate black people with white people to show this. They’re going to cover black news. Weddings, music, sport, crime. There is nothing illegal in that. † Donald says this when he tells Ken that Mapetla and Tenjy will be working for the Daily Dispatch. In conclusion, Steve Biko and Donald Woods were heroes. They did lots of things to improve South Africa. Steven Biko and Donald Woods wanted equality between black people and white people. Also, they both fought for the equality of races in South Africa. They both tried to Let South Africa governed by both white people and black people.

The Effect Of Television On Children Young People Essay

The Effect Of Television On Children Young People Essay Educators hoped that TV would serve as a window of knowledge for children. They hoped that it would broaden their knowledge by exposing them to various learning experiences, and help them learn about different cultures. Educators thought that TV would play a vital role in preparing preschoolers physically and psychologically for school. In contrast, today the effect of television on children has become a growing concern to many educators due to its effect on childrens behavior, health, and cognitive development and learning. We do not deny the TV holds many benefits to children if used properly and under adequate supervision of adults. Yet, we cannot deny its negative effects of TV. In this article we will talk about the negative effect of TV, and how it affects children, while on the same time mentioning its positive effects. We will first discusses the amount of time children spend in front of their TV sets, We will then move talk about how TV affects childrens behavior, health, cognitive development, and learning. We will also try to highlight the reasons behind children spending extended hours in front of their TV sets. Finally, we will try to suggest some solutions to this issue and how can we mitigate the negative effect of TV on children. The Amount Of Time Children Spend In Front Of Their TV Sets Children in their early developmental stages are very fragile and vulnerable physically and emotionally .they fail to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong and could blindly accept what they see on TV as facts upon which they base their future judgments. Children often like to imitate other and of Ten do so with what they view on TV without being able to identify the consequences of their actions. We need to realize the harm this device could do to children in order to be able to modify the way we view the role TV plays in childrens lives .we need to acknowledge the fact that children view TV more than any other media. We also need to realize that children use TV for fantasy, diversion and instruction. Children who are spending extensive hours in front of their TV sets are shield from the outside world. They fail to interact emotionally with other. A parent may walk in the door after being all day away at work and their daughter or son will not even left their eye to see them or run to them because they are so consumed by watching TV. The younger the children are the more effected they are because they fail to distinguish between fantasy and reality, and learn by observing and imitating. Television has become a major part of our childrens lives .From the time they wake up until the time they fall asleep their tiny little eyes are glued to the television screen. In most of the households TV has taken up the role of a nanny in the house, not mentioning that it has also become a major source of knowledge for children. How many times have we asked kids where did you learn that from? And the answer was from the TV.Zimmerman and Christakis in their research Childrens Television Viewing and Cognitive Outcomes they mention that toddlers at the age of 3 watched TV at an average of 2.2 hours daily. While from ages 3 to 5 years the average increases to 3.3 hours daily. (Zimmerman Christakis, 2005) A shocking article titled TV Hurts Kids Of All Ages, Studies Say on CBS news revealed how early children begin watching TV on regular basses The first study finds that 40 percent of infants are regular TV watchers by the time they are 3 months old. By the time they are 2 years old, 90 percent of children regularly watch TV. In most cases, it doesnt seem to be a matter of parents using the TV as a surrogate babysitter, but rather parents truly believe that shows aimed at tots will somehow expand their minds, language skills and cognitive abilities, the study found. (Johnson, 2007) Violence Behavior Children are often left in front of the TV for extended hours in front of the TV without supervision to view all types of programs regardless of the fact that those programmes do not suit their age groups. Many of these programs are full of violent and aggressive scenes that affect children negatively. It either reinforces aggressive and violent behavior in them, or plants fear into those little hearts. Children who are often subjected to violent behavior tend to form violent behavior .they tend to be hostile and aggressive towards their peers and fail to relate in a social mannar. In Norway, a 5 year old girl was severely harassed by her friends following the viewing of a particular television series. (Lemish, 2007) TV violence could also aggravate fretfulness and dreadfulness in children who are exposed to it. A survey of more than the n 2,000 elementary and middle school children revealed that heavy television viewing was associated with self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. (Wilson, 2008) First before further talking about how TV violence affects childrens behavior lets first define what violent behavior refers to. Violent behavior could be defined as any type of intentional behavior to harm others physically or emotionally which means it could be verbal or physical. (Lemish, 2007) So, where does violent behavior come from? The ground approach in sociology quarrels that children acquire various behaviors by copying authority figures in their lives, through positive reinforcement. Children repeat behaviors that are positively reinforced, and refrain from behaviors that are negatively reinforced. Children may imitate violent behavior they witnessed ages ago, which means they carry in their long term memory.TV in turn, is a rich source of violent behavior. Violent behavior may be found in not only action movies, but also in childrens movies and cartoons. Lets take childrens movies like the HULK or cartoons like Ben Ten and even as basic cartoons like Tom and Jerry .just one look at the chineese animated cartoons like Conon will let you realize the amount of violence on TV. Yet, we do not generalize this issue. There are many educational and other specialized programmes or cartoons for kids. For example: sesame street, teletubbies, or Dora. There is no doubt that educational TV programs have a positive effect .in a landitudal study by Wright et. al (2001) educational viewing (particularly Sesame Street) was related to letter word and number skills, vocabulary, and school readiness for children. (Muarry, 2007). verbal violence is another form of violence in children is widely spreading and the main source for it is TV programs .in her book Children and Television (A Global Perspective) Lemish refers to studies on this issue Studies that measured the frequency and types of various forms of violence on television in various countries have re- affirmed the international scope of this phenomenon (Lemish, 2007) TV violence could also aggravate fearfulness and dreadfulness in children who are exposed to it. Children my for various types of phobias and fears from things they view on TV especially at night this would be most evident in forms of nightmare or fear to sleep alone .This is mostly due to the wide imagination that children posses. A survey of more than the n 2,000 elementary and middle school children revealed that heavy television viewing was associated with self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. (Wilson, 2008) Affects on Health Another effect of television on children is health related. The fact that children sit idle in front of the TV for hour can lead to health issues like obesity. Some studies have pointed that watching TV by children may not cause obesity directly but it indirectly keep children from indulging in other outdoor activities that enhance their metabolism. (Dixon, 2007) .the impact of advertisement on children and their diet is great. Food and beverages advertisements directed to children have constantly been criticized for influencing childrens nutritional choices. We will often find kids watching TV and gulping down packets of chips and popcorn that are full of saturated fats that contribute directly to obisety, malnutration, and mineral deficiency and sometimes anemia. Grossbart eals onand Crosby (1984) found that childrens snack preferences were influenced by the types of food they saw advertised. Children who saw commercials for sugared snacks and cereals were significantly more likely to say they preferred highly sugared products than children who saw public service announcements for wholesome foods or children in a control group. Those who saw a pro-nutrition TV program chose sugared snacks than the control group. Number of studies point out to the relation between obesity among children and extensive viewing of TV .studies referred to the impact of ads on children food preferences. It showed that 98% of the foods advertised are rich in sugar and salts and are viewed by children between ages 2 to 11. (Gonzà ¡lez, 2010) recently many studies link early TV viewing to development of ADD Attention Defect Disorder /ADHD Attention Defect Hyperactive Disorder in children at later stages The study revealed that each hour of television watched per day at ages 1-3 increases the risk of attention problems, such as ADHD, by almost 10 percent at age 7.. (Center, 2004). The affect of advertisement also extends to children being exposed to Alcohol and smoking.They grow up viewing these practices as part of being social and often end up consuming alcohol or smoking by the time they reach adolescence. , Mr. Balls said a study by Alcohol Concern revealed a spike in television drinks advertisements between 4pm and 6pm, when many children watch. (Henry, 2007) Learning and Cognitive Development The most alarming effect amongst all is the effect of television on childrens learning and development. Unfortunately, the effect of TV does not stop at learning; it also effects childrens development making it a major concern for parents and educators. There have been some indications that television further effects childrens language development preference .As children grow their TV habits Change. Childrens mental capabilities, life style, and individual impact TV use as well as the socio-cultural context. The amount of time spent on TV has always been a major concern. Cross-sectional studies show that viewing generally increases during the preschool years and peaks in early adolescence (Muarry, 2007) How often do we find children preferring watching TV then reading? Reading to them is a strenuous monotonous task. TV is a two sided tool on one side it enhances creativity, and on the other it discourages it. There is relationship between performance in school and viewing TV. Research found that spending time watching TV affect the academic grades. Children who had television sets in their bedrooms scored significantly lower on school achievement tests than children without TVs in their bedrooms. Therefore, instead of doing homework or reading the child will replace by watching TV. According to Dr. Senay a studies reveal that teenagers in the age of 14 who view TV for 3 hours a day form problems in their academic achievement ,and in turn are less likely to join collage later (Johnson, 2007) Moreover, TV has an impact on childrens behavior and attitudes. It raises their awareness to the issue of stereotypes raised by the TV. It also directs them towards gender biases in the way women are portrayed. Also pushes them towards developing poor habits like smoking and alcohol .on TV smokers are often successful people, not mentioning that hoe alcohol is a major requirement for socialization and relaxation. (university of michigan health system, 2010) Why Do Parents Allow Their Children To Use TV Abusively? The question that may rise in the readers heads may be why do parents allow their children to do so? Besides what e the parents of infants thinking when they subject them to these entire negative affects! The truth is that parents are not fully aware of the effect of television on their children. Some deliberately place their children in front of TV sets assuming they are stimulating their senses, or other parents who fall for the add gimmicks regarding the educational programs. Dr. Senay advises parents to discourage to exempt toddlers from viewing to. It is more benifitital for children to develop their sensory and motor skills through interaction with parents and their surrounding environments (Johnson, 2007) Solutions .There are many measures that could be taken to reverse the affects of television on children however the most important and first step is spreading awareness. From all information we reviled we found that the main reason why parents allow their kids to view so much TV is due to lack of awareness. Awareness on this issue could be spread on the media itself like CBS did by interviewing Dr.Senay on TV. It could also done by children health care centers by spreading broachers on the topic or holding small workshops at the centers to inform parents on the effects of television on children. There are much parents can do to mitigate the effect of TV on children. The first step parents can take is to control the amount of TV their children view. This could be done by replacing TV with other fun activities that allows kids to stimulate their senses and engage with the outdoor environment. Parents will find their kids growing attached to them and relating to them instead of sitting glued to the TV sets. In Households where childrens rooms have TV set. A wise idea would be to get rid of them. These TV sets will only isolate the kids from the rest of the family .in other words they do more harm than good. However the most important step parents can do is to monitor the childrens use of TV. There are many TV sets which allow parental control. They enable parents to restrict certain content and programmes while also restrict the time. Parents by no means should allow their children to view TV without supervision, or purchase movies or cartoons without them ensuring that it I fit for them to view. There are many measures that could be taken b y governments such as controlling the advertisements that are aired during the time it is supposed that the most viewers are below 18. They could also monitor the content of TV programs and movies for violet and inappropriate content. The governments need to at times take extreme measures with TV channels and broad casts companies that fail to keep their content free of violent unhealthy and harmful content. In conclusion we have reviewed the many affects of TV on children. We talked about the long and extensive hours children spend in front of their TV sets. We then discussed how TV is responsible for violent and aggressive behavior in kids.whe also discussed how it also opens the door for verbal violence in children. It also is a reason for children forming fears and phobias. Furthermore, we moved to illustrate the effects of TV on childrens health. We revealed how many studied showed that TV was responsible for obesity in children because it keeps them from practicing and taking part in other activities, TV totally blocks those children from the outside world. Latter on we shed light on how TV effects childrens cognitive devlopment.TV affects childrens speech and discouraging them foe indulging in important activities like readin.TV simply makes reading look as a boring and monotones activity for children. We also mentioned how some studies link TV to ADD and ADHD. Furthermore we refe rred to studies that extensive viewing of TV lessens childrens eagerness to join collage as adults. Likewise we also showed how TV effected those childrens moral judgment they fail to distinguish right actions from wrong ones simply because media becomes the criteria by which they crate their moral compass. Then we move on the explaining the reasons behind parents allowing their children to use TV abusively. We showed how it all mostly is result of lack of awareness. Finally we suggested some solutions that will help do some damage control on the part of parents. We also mentioned how the government could play a vital role in controlling abusive content from appearing on TV sets. We truly help that we were able to shed light and divert attention to this issue. Were talking about children here as adults we are obligated to make the right choices for them and keep them out of the way of harm.

Aspects of Life in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark and Trifles Essay

Aspects of Life in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark and Trifles In William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, the protagonist, Hamlet, has arrived â€Å"from his university studies to find Claudius, his uncle, ruling Denmark and married to his mother, Gertrude. Her remarriage within two months of his father’s death has left Hamlet disillusioned, confused, and suspicious about Claudius† (DiYanni 1394). These types of crimes do not only happen in a person’s imagination, or in a made-up play, but also in our society today. Our society is just as immoral as Claudius and Gertrude. On the other hand, in Susan Gaspell’s contemporary play, Trifles, women are strong in character, protective of one another, and in charge of the situation, unlike Gertrude. Therefore, both Shakespeare and Gaspell have similar aspects of portrayal of the role of women, murder, and loyalty; and different aspects such as incest, suicide, and revenge. First, in the play, Hamlet, the males are depicted as dominant, strong, and rational; and the females are portrayed by opposing traits such as passive, accepting, hesitant, frail, and emotional. For instance, Hamlet referring to his mother as â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman!† (I.ii.146) means that women are images of weakness, that women are weak-minded, easily led, and have no strength of character. To Hamlet, his mother's action of remarrying so quickly after her husband’s death to her brother-in-law, is a proof of her frailty. In today’s society, people also marry within the family thinking that there is nothing wrong with this scenario. However, this aspect discussed in the play cause great controversy because many people think that as long as there is love it does not matter who a person marries... ...h ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. 1394. Driver, Tom. The sense of history in Greek and Shakespearean drama.2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press. 1961. Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 5th ed. Ed. Robert DiYanni. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2002. 1616-26. O'Dell, Nick. â€Å"Same-sex marriages open door to consensual incest, polygamy.† 8 Oct. 2003. . Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 5th ed. Ed. Robert DiYanni. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2002. 1394-1496. Suicide Prevention Website. Texans for Gun Safety. 2003. 06 Apr. 2004. . The Holy Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments. King James. Barbour Books. Uhrichsville: Ohio, 2002.

natural born killers :: essays research papers

Natural Born Killers† is one weird-ass movie. With the weird actors and funky camera movements. It’s unforgettable. A trip into the mind of two serial killers. The film is real good, but I think it might be even better if you were drunk. You might be a little used to everyone acting weird and all the psychedelic colors. But since I am not old enough to do that yet, I’ll just review as how I saw it. Mallory (Juliette Lewis) has a horrible life. Her brother is a little jerk, her father molests her, and her mother does nothing about it. It’s horrible. But the film tries to make it a little funny by making her house look like a sitcom with the audience laughing (the whole movie isn’t like this). Then one day a young man named Mickey Knox (Woody Harrelson) comes to the front door of her house delivering fifty pounds of meat. They instantly fall in love. This is where the funky stuff begins. Mickey and Mallory brutally beat and drown her dad, and burn her mom to death. After that they go on a long murder spree, killing more than fifty people, they are finally caught by one of the best cops in America: Seymour Scagnetti (Tom Sizemore). Mickey and Mallory have been apart for a year. Both locked in separate cells in a prison ran by McClusky (Tommy Lee Jones). McClusky has assigned Scagnetti to transport Mickey and Mallory to another place to get a lobotomy done on each of them. But the night before they are sent out, a greedy reporter named Wayne Gale (Robert Downey, Jr.) is giving Mickey a live interview on TV. Pretty soon, Mickey escapes and all hell breaks loose. This film proves to us how screwed up the world is from movies and television. Two innocent people who have been exposed to too much violence go crazy and kill innocent people. I really liked how the film told the truth and held nothing back. The great part is the last act in the prison. Genius stuff! Oliver Stone is a great director and I admire him. He actually makes you feel sorry for this guilty couple. Harrelson gives an awesome performance. Spectacular! After seeing him all goofy on â€Å"Cheers† I was really excited to see him like this. I found it odd that his dad did go to prison for being a hit man. natural born killers :: essays research papers Natural Born Killers† is one weird-ass movie. With the weird actors and funky camera movements. It’s unforgettable. A trip into the mind of two serial killers. The film is real good, but I think it might be even better if you were drunk. You might be a little used to everyone acting weird and all the psychedelic colors. But since I am not old enough to do that yet, I’ll just review as how I saw it. Mallory (Juliette Lewis) has a horrible life. Her brother is a little jerk, her father molests her, and her mother does nothing about it. It’s horrible. But the film tries to make it a little funny by making her house look like a sitcom with the audience laughing (the whole movie isn’t like this). Then one day a young man named Mickey Knox (Woody Harrelson) comes to the front door of her house delivering fifty pounds of meat. They instantly fall in love. This is where the funky stuff begins. Mickey and Mallory brutally beat and drown her dad, and burn her mom to death. After that they go on a long murder spree, killing more than fifty people, they are finally caught by one of the best cops in America: Seymour Scagnetti (Tom Sizemore). Mickey and Mallory have been apart for a year. Both locked in separate cells in a prison ran by McClusky (Tommy Lee Jones). McClusky has assigned Scagnetti to transport Mickey and Mallory to another place to get a lobotomy done on each of them. But the night before they are sent out, a greedy reporter named Wayne Gale (Robert Downey, Jr.) is giving Mickey a live interview on TV. Pretty soon, Mickey escapes and all hell breaks loose. This film proves to us how screwed up the world is from movies and television. Two innocent people who have been exposed to too much violence go crazy and kill innocent people. I really liked how the film told the truth and held nothing back. The great part is the last act in the prison. Genius stuff! Oliver Stone is a great director and I admire him. He actually makes you feel sorry for this guilty couple. Harrelson gives an awesome performance. Spectacular! After seeing him all goofy on â€Å"Cheers† I was really excited to see him like this. I found it odd that his dad did go to prison for being a hit man.

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 102-104

CHAPTER 102 The mist had settled low on Kensington Gardens as Silas limped into a quiet hollow out of sight. Kneeling on the wet grass, he could feel a warm stream of blood flowing from the bullet wound below his ribs. Still, he stared straight ahead. The fog made it look like heaven here. Raising his bloody hands to pray, he watched the raindrops caress his fingers, turning them white again. As the droplets fell harder across his back and shoulders, he could feel his body disappearing bit by bit into the mist. I am a ghost. A breeze rustled past him, carrying the damp, earthy scent of new life. With every living cell in his broken body, Silas prayed. He prayed for forgiveness. He prayed for mercy. And, above all, he prayed for his mentor†¦ Bishop Aringarosa†¦ that the Lord would not take him before his time. Hehas so much work left to do. The fog was swirling around him now, and Silas felt so light that he was sure the wisps would carry him away. Closing his eyes, he said a final prayer. From somewhere in the mist, the voice of Manuel Aringarosa whispered to him. Our Lord is a good and merciful God. Silas's pain at last began to fade, and he knew the bishop was right. CHAPTER 103 It was late afternoon when the London sun broke through and the city began to dry. Bezu Fache felt weary as he emerged from the interrogation room and hailed a cab. Sir Leigh Teabing had vociferously proclaimed his innocence, and yet from his incoherent rantings about the Holy Grail, secret documents, and mysterious brotherhoods, Fache suspected the wily historian was setting the stage for his lawyers to plead an insanity defense. Sure, Fache thought. Insane.Teabing had displayed ingenious precision in formulating a plan that protected his innocence at every turn. He had exploited both the Vatican and Opus Dei, two groups that turned out to be completely innocent. His dirty work had been carried out unknowingly by a fanatical monk and a desperate bishop. More clever still, Teabing had situated his electronic listening post in the one place a man with polio could not possibly reach. The actual surveillance had been carried out by his manservant, Remy – the lone person privy to Teabing's true identity – now conveniently dead of an allergic reaction. Hardly the handiwork of someone lacking mental faculties, Fache thought. The information coming from Collet out of Chateau Villette suggested that Teabing's cunning ran so deep that Fache himself might even learn from it. To successfully hide bugs in some of Paris's most powerful offices, the British historian had turned to the Greeks. Trojan horses.Some of Teabing's intended targets received lavish gifts of artwork, others unwittingly bid at auctions in which Teabing had placed specific lots. In Sauniere's case, the curator had received a dinner invitation to Chateau Villette to discuss the possibility of Teabing's funding a new Da Vinci Wing at the Louvre. Sauniere's invitation had contained an innocuous postscript expressing fascination with a robotic knight that Sauniere was rumored to have built. Bring him to dinner, Teabing had suggested. Sauniere apparently had done just that and left the knight unattended long enough for Remy Legaludec to make one inconspicuous addition. Now, sitting in the back of the cab, Fache closed his eyes. One more thing to attend to before Ireturn to Paris. The St. Mary's Hospital recovery room was sunny. â€Å"You've impressed us all,† the nurse said, smiling down at him. â€Å"Nothing short of miraculous.† Bishop Aringarosa gave a weak smile. â€Å"I have always been blessed.† The nurse finished puttering, leaving the bishop alone. The sunlight felt welcome and warm on his face. Last night had been the darkest night of his life. Despondently, he thought of Silas, whose body had been found in the park. Please forgive me, my son. Aringarosa had longed for Silas to be part of his glorious plan. Last night, however, Aringarosa had received a call from Bezu Fache, questioning the bishop about his apparent connection to a nun who had been murdered in Saint-Sulpice. Aringarosa realized the evening had taken a horrifying turn. News of the four additional murders transformed his horror to anguish. Silas, what have you done! Unable to reach the Teacher, the bishop knew he had been cut loose. Used.The only way to stop the horrific chain of events he had helped put in motion was to confess everything to Fache, and from that moment on, Aringarosa and Fache had been racing to catch up with Silas before the Teacher persuaded him to kill again. Feeling bone weary, Aringarosa closed his eyes and listened to the television coverage of the arrest of a prominent British knight, Sir Leigh Teabing. The Teacher laid bare for all to see.Teabing had caught wind of the Vatican's plans to disassociate itself from Opus Dei. He had chosen Aringarosa as the perfect pawn in his plan. After all, who more likely to leap blindly after the Holy Grail thana man like myself with everything to lose? The Grail would have brought enormous power to anyone who possessed it. Leigh Teabing had protected his identity shrewdly – feigning a French accent and a pious heart, and demanding as payment the one thing he did not need – money. Aringarosa had been far too eager to be suspicious. The price tag of twenty million euro was paltry when compared with the prize of obtaining the Grail, and with the Vatican's separation payment to Opus Dei, the finances had worked nicely. The blind see what they want to see.Teabing's ultimate insult, of course, had been to demand payment in Vatican bonds, such that if anything went wrong, the investigation would lead to Rome. â€Å"I am glad to see you're well, My Lord.† Aringarosa recognized the gruff voice in the doorway, but the face was unexpected – stern, powerful features, slicked-back hair, and a broad neck that strained against his dark suit. â€Å"Captain Fache?† Aringarosa asked. The compassion and concern the captain had shown for Aringarosa's plight last night had conjured images of a far gentler physique. The captain approached the bed and hoisted a familiar, heavy black briefcase onto a chair. â€Å"I believe this belongs to you.† Aringarosa looked at the briefcase filled with bonds and immediately looked away, feeling only shame. â€Å"Yes†¦ thank you.† He paused while working his fingers across the seam of his bed sheet, then continued. â€Å"Captain, I have been giving this deep thought, and I need to ask a favor of you.† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"The families of those in Paris who Silas†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused, swallowing the emotion. â€Å"I realize no sum could possibly serve as sufficient restitution, and yet, if you could be kind enough to divide the contents of this briefcase among them†¦ the families of the deceased.† Fache's dark eyes studied him a long moment. â€Å"A virtuous gesture, My Lord. I will see to it your wishes are carried out.† A heavy silence fell between them. On the television, a lean French police officer was giving a press conference in front of a sprawling mansion. Fache saw who it was and turned his attention to the screen. â€Å"Lieutenant Collet,† a BBC reporter said, her voice accusing. â€Å"Last night, your captain publicly charged two innocent people with murder. Will Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu be seeking accountability from your department? Will this cost Captain Fache his job?† Lieutenant Collet's smile was tired but calm. â€Å"It is my experience that Captain Bezu Fache seldom makes mistakes. I have not yet spoken to him on this matter, but knowing how he operates, I suspect his public manhunt for Agent Neveu and Mr. Langdon was part of a ruse to lure out the real killer.† The reporters exchanged surprised looks. Collet continued. â€Å"Whether or not Mr. Langdon and Agent Neveu were willing participants in the sting, I do not know. Captain Fache tends to keep his more creative methods to himself. All I can confirm at this point is that the captain has successfully arrested the man responsible, and that Mr. Langdon and Agent Neveu are both innocent and safe.† Fache had a faint smile on his lips as he turned back to Aringarosa. â€Å"A good man, that Collet.† Several moments passed. Finally, Fache ran his hand over his forehead, slicking back his hair as he gazed down at Aringarosa. â€Å"My Lord, before I return to Paris, there is one final matter I'd like to discuss – your impromptu flight to London. You bribed a pilot to change course. In doing so, you broke a number of international laws.† Aringarosa slumped. â€Å"I was desperate.† â€Å"Yes. As was the pilot when my men interrogated him.† Fache reached in his pocket and produced a purple amethyst ring with a familiar hand-tooled mitre-crozier applique. Aringarosa felt tears welling as he accepted the ring and slipped it back on his finger. â€Å"You've been so kind.† He held out his hand and clasped Fache's. â€Å"Thank you.† Fache waved off the gesture, walking to the window and gazing out at the city, his thoughts obviously far away. When he turned, there was an uncertainty about him. â€Å"My Lord, where do you go from here?† Aringarosa had been asked the exact same question as he left Castel Gandolfo the night before. â€Å"I suspect my path is as uncertain as yours.† â€Å"Yes.† Fache paused. â€Å"I suspect I will be retiring early.† Aringarosa smiled. â€Å"A little faith can do wonders, Captain. A little faith.† CHAPTER 104 Rosslyn Chapel – often called the Cathedral of Codes – stands seven miles south of Edinburgh, Scotland, on the site of an ancient Mithraic temple. Built by the Knights Templar in 1446, the chapel is engraved with a mind-boggling array of symbols from the Jewish, Christian, Egyptian, Masonic, and pagan traditions. The chapel's geographic coordinates fall precisely on the north-south meridian that runs through Glastonbury. This longitudinal Rose Line is the traditional marker of King Arthur's Isle of Avalon and is considered the central pillar of Britain's sacred geometry. It is from this hallowed Rose Line that Rosslyn – originally spelled Roslin – takes its name. Rosslyn's rugged spires were casting long evening shadows as Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu pulled their rental car into the grassy parking area at the foot of the bluff on which the chapel stood. Their short flight from London to Edinburgh had been restful, although neither of them had slept for the anticipation of what lay ahead. Gazing up at the stark edifice framed against a cloud-swept sky, Langdon felt like Alice falling headlong into the rabbit hole. This must be a dream.And yet he knew the text of Sauniere's final message could not have been more specific. The Holy Grail ‘neath ancient Roslin waits. Langdon had fantasized that Sauniere's â€Å"Grail map† would be a diagram – a drawing with an X- marks-the-spot – and yet the Priory's final secret had been unveiled in the same way Sauniere had spoken to them from the beginning. Simple verse.Four explicit lines that pointed without a doubt to this very spot. In addition to identifying Rosslyn by name, the verse made reference to several of the chapel's renowned architectural features. Despite the clarity of Sauniere's final revelation, Langdon had been left feeling more off balance than enlightened. To him, Rosslyn Chapel seemed far too obvious a location. For centuries, this stone chapel had echoed with whispers of the Holy Grail's presence. The whispers had turned to shouts in recent decades when ground-penetrating radar revealed the presence of an astonishing structure beneath the chapel – a massive subterranean chamber. Not only did this deep vault dwarf the chapel atop it, but it appeared to have no entrance or exit. Archaeologists petitioned to begin blasting through the bedrock to reach the mysterious chamber, but the Rosslyn Trust expressly forbade any excavation of the sacred site. Of course, this only fueled the fires of speculation. What was the Rosslyn Trust trying to hide? Rosslyn had now become a pilgrimage site for mystery seekers. Some claimed they were drawn here by the powerful magnetic field that emanated inexplicably from these coordinates, some claimed they came to search the hillside for a hidden entrance to the vault, but most admitted they had come simply to wander the grounds and absorb the lore of the Holy Grail. Although Langdon had never been to Rosslyn before now, he always chuckled when he heard the chapel described as the current home of the Holy Grail. Admittedly, Rosslyn once might have been home to the Grail, long ago†¦ but certainly no longer. Far too much attention had been drawn to Rosslyn in past decades, and sooner or later someone would find a way to break into the vault. True Grail academics agreed that Rosslyn was a decoy – one of the devious dead ends the Priory crafted so convincingly. Tonight, however, with the Priory's keystone offering a verse that pointed directly to this spot, Langdon no longer felt so smug. A perplexing question had been running through his mind all day: Why would Sauniere go to such effort to guide us to so obvious a location? There seemed only one logical answer. There is something about Rosslyn we have yet to understand. â€Å"Robert?† Sophie was standing outside the car, looking back at him. â€Å"Are you corning?† She was holding the rosewood box, which Captain Fache had returned to them. Inside, both cryptexes had been reassembled and nested as they had been found. The papyrus verse was locked safely at its core – minus the shattered vial of vinegar. Making their way up the long gravel path, Langdon and Sophie passed the famous west wall of the chapel. Casual visitors assumed this oddly protruding wall was a section of the chapel that had not been finished. The truth, Langdon recalled, was far more intriguing. The west wall of Solomon's Temple. The Knights Templar had designed Rosslyn Chapel as an exact architectural blueprint of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem – complete with a west wall, a narrow rectangular sanctuary, and a subterranean vault like the Holy of Holies, in which the original nine knights had first unearthed their priceless treasure. Langdon had to admit, there existed an intriguing symmetry in the idea of the Templars building a modern Grail repository that echoed the Grail's original hiding place. Rosslyn Chapel's entrance was more modest than Langdon expected. The small wooden door had two iron hinges and a simple, oak sign. ROSLIN This ancient spelling, Langdon explained to Sophie, derived from the Rose Line meridian on which the chapel sat; or, as Grail academics preferred to believe, from the† Line of Rose† – the ancestral lineage of Mary Magdalene. The chapel would be closing soon, and as Langdon pulled open the door, a warm puff of air escaped, as if the ancient edifice were heaving a weary sigh at the end of a long day. Her entry arches burgeoned with carved cinquefoils. Roses. The womb of the goddess. Entering with Sophie, Langdon felt his eyes reaching across the famous sanctuary and taking it all in. Although he had read accounts of Rosslyn's arrestingly intricate stonework, seeing it in person was an overwhelming encounter. Symbology heaven, one of Langdon's colleagues had called it. Every surface in the chapel had been carved with symbols – Christian cruciforms, Jewish stars, Masonic seals, Templar crosses, cornucopias, pyramids, astrological signs, plants, vegetables, pentacles, and roses. The Knights Templar had been master stonemasons, erecting Templar churches all over Europe, but Rosslyn was considered their most sublime labor of love and veneration. The master masons had left no stone uncarved. Rosslyn Chapel was a shrine to all faiths†¦ to all traditions†¦ and, above all, to nature and the goddess. The sanctuary was empty except for a handful of visitors listening to a young man giving the day's last tour. He was leading them in a single-file line along a well-known route on the floor – an invisible pathway linking six key architectural points within the sanctuary. Generations of visitors had walked these straight lines, connecting the points, and their countless footsteps had engravedan enormous symbol on the floor. The Star of David, Langdon thought. No coincidence there.Also known as Solomon's Seal, this hexagram had once been the secret symbol of the stargazing priests and was later adopted by the Israelite kings – David and Solomon. The docent had seen Langdon and Sophie enter, and although it was closing time, offered a pleasant smile and motioned for them to feel free to look around. Langdon nodded his thanks and began to move deeper into the sanctuary. Sophie, however, stood riveted in the entryway, a puzzled look on her face. â€Å"What is it?† Langdon asked. Sophie stared out at the chapel. â€Å"I think†¦ I've been here.† Langdon was surprised. â€Å"But you said you hadn't even heard of Rosslyn.† â€Å"I hadn't†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She scanned the sanctuary, looking uncertain. â€Å"My grandfather must have brought me here when I was very young. I don't know. It feels familiar.† As her eyes scanned the room, she began nodding with more certainty. â€Å"Yes.† She pointed to the front of the sanctuary. â€Å"Those two pillars†¦ I've seen them.† Langdon looked at the pair of intricately sculpted columns at the far end of the sanctuary. Their white lacework carvings seemed to smolder with a ruddy glow as the last of the day's sunlight streamed in through the west window. The pillars – positioned where the altar would normally stand – were an oddly matched pair. The pillar on the left was carved with simple, vertical lines, while the pillar on the right was embellished with an ornate, flowering spiral. Sophie was already moving toward them. Langdon hurried after her, and as they reached the pillars, Sophie was nodding with incredulity. â€Å"Yes, I'm positive I have seen these!† â€Å"I don't doubt you've seen them,† Langdon said,† but it wasn't necessarily here.† She turned. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"These two pillars are the most duplicated architectural structures in history. Replicas exist all over the world.† â€Å"Replicas of Rosslyn?† She looked skeptical. â€Å"No. Of the pillars. Do you remember earlier that I mentioned Rosslyn itself is a copy of Solomon's Temple? Those two pillars are exact replicas of the two pillars that stood at the head of Solomon's Temple.† Langdon pointed to the pillar on the left. â€Å"That's called Boaz – or the Mason's Pillar. The other is called Jachin – or the Apprentice Pillar.† He paused. â€Å"In fact, virtually every Masonic temple in the world has two pillars like these.† Langdon had already explained to her about the Templars' powerful historic ties to the modern Masonic secret societies, whose primary degrees – Apprentice Freemason, Fellowcraft Freemason, and Master Mason – harked back to early Templar days. Sophie's grandfather's final verse made direct reference to the Master Masons who adorned Rosslyn with their carved artistic offerings. It also noted Rosslyn's central ceiling, which was covered with carvings of stars and planets. â€Å"I've never been in a Masonic temple,† Sophie said, still eyeing the pillars. â€Å"I am almost positive I saw these here.† She turned back into the chapel, as if looking for something else to jog her memory. The rest of the visitors were now leaving, and the young docent made his way across the chapel to them with a pleasant smile. He was a handsome young man in his late twenties, with a Scottish brogue and strawberry blond hair. â€Å"I'm about to close up for the day. May I help you find anything?† How about the Holy Grail? Langdon wanted to say. â€Å"The code,† Sophie blurted, in sudden revelation. â€Å"There's a code here!† The docent looked pleased by her enthusiasm. â€Å"Yes there is, ma'am.† â€Å"It's on the ceiling,† she said, turning to the right-hand wall. â€Å"Somewhere over†¦ there.† He smiled. â€Å"Not your first visit to Rosslyn, I see.† The code, Langdon thought. He had forgotten that little bit of lore. Among Rosslyn's numerous mysteries was a vaulted archway from which hundreds of stone blocks protruded, jutting down to form a bizarre multifaceted surface. Each block was carved with a symbol, seemingly at random, creating a cipher of unfathomable proportion. Some people believed the code revealed the entrance to the vault beneath the chapel. Others believed it told the true Grail legend. Not that it mattered – cryptographers had been trying for centuries to decipher its meaning. To this day the Rosslyn Trust offered a generous reward to anyone who could unveil the secret meaning, but the code remained a mystery. â€Å"I'd be happy to show†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The docent's voice trailed off. My first code, Sophie thought, moving alone, in a trance, toward the encoded archway. Having handed the rosewood box to Langdon, she could feel herself momentarily forgetting all about the Holy Grail, the Priory of Sion, and all the mysteries of the past day. When she arrived beneath the encoded ceiling and saw the symbols above her, the memories came flooding back. She was recalling her first visit here, and strangely, the memories conjured an unexpected sadness. She was a little girl†¦ a year or so after her family's death. Her grandfather had brought her to Scotland on a short vacation. They had come to see Rosslyn Chapel before going back to Paris. It was late evening, and the chapel was closed. But they were still inside. â€Å"Can we go home, Grand-pere?† Sophie begged, feeling tired. â€Å"Soon, dear, very soon.† His voice was melancholy. â€Å"I have one last thing I need to do here. How about if you wait in the car?† â€Å"You're doing another big person thing?† He nodded. â€Å"I'll be fast. I promise.† â€Å"Can I do the archway code again? That was fun.† â€Å"I don't know. I have to step outside. You won't be frightened in here alone?† â€Å"Of course not!† she said with a huff. â€Å"It's not even dark yet!† He smiled. â€Å"Very well then.† He led her over to the elaborate archway he had shown her earlier. Sophie immediately plopped down on the stone floor, lying on her back and staring up at the collage of puzzle pieces overhead. â€Å"I'm going to break this code before you get back!† â€Å"It's a race then.† He bent over, kissed her forehead, and walked to the nearby side door. â€Å"I'll be right outside. I'll leave the door open. If you need me, just call.† He exited into the soft evening light. Sophie lay there on the floor, gazing up at the code. Her eyes felt sleepy. After a few minutes, the symbols got fuzzy. And then they disappeared. When Sophie awoke, the floor felt cold. â€Å"Grand-pere?† There was no answer. Standing up, she brushed herself off. The side door was still open. The evening was getting darker. She walked outside and could see her grandfather standing on the porch of a nearby stone house directly behind the church. Her grandfather was talking quietly to a person barely visible inside the screened door. â€Å"Grand-pere?† she called. Her grandfather turned and waved, motioning for her to wait just a moment. Then, slowly, he said some final words to the person inside and blew a kiss toward the screened door. He came to her with tearful eyes. â€Å"Why are you crying, Grand-pere?† He picked her up and held her close. â€Å"Oh, Sophie, you and I have said good-bye to a lot of people this year. It's hard.† Sophie thought of the accident, of saying good-bye to her mother and father, her grandmother and baby brother. â€Å"Were you saying goodbye to another person?† â€Å"To a dear friend whom I love very much,† he replied, his voice heavy with emotion. â€Å"And I fear I will not see her again for a very long time.† Standing with the docent, Langdon had been scanning the chapel walls and feeling a rising wariness that a dead end might be looming. Sophie had wandered off to look at the code and left Langdon holding the rosewood box, which contained a Grail map that now appeared to be no help at all. Although Sauniere's poem clearly indicated Rosslyn, Langdon was not sure what to do now that they had arrived. The poem made reference to a ‘blade and chalice', which Langdon saw nowhere. The Holy Grail ‘neath ancient Roslin waits. The blade and chalice guarding o'er Her gates. Again Langdon sensed there remained some facet of this mystery yet to reveal itself. â€Å"I hate to pry,† the docent said, eyeing the rosewood box in Langdon's hands. â€Å"But this box†¦ might I ask where you got it?† Langdon gave a weary laugh. â€Å"That's an exceptionally long story.† The young man hesitated, his eyes on the box again. â€Å"It's the strangest thing – my grandmother has a box exactly like that – a jewelry box. Identical polished rosewood, same inlaid rose, even the hinges look the same.† Langdon knew the young man must be mistaken. If ever a box had been one of a kind, it was thisone – the box custom-made for the Priory keystone. â€Å"The two boxes may be similar but – â€Å" The side door closed loudly, drawing both of their gazes. Sophie had exited without a word and was now wandering down the bluff toward a fieldstone house nearby. Langdon stared after her. Where is she going? She had been acting strangely ever since they entered the building. He turned to the docent. â€Å"Do you know what that house is?† He nodded, also looking puzzled that Sophie was going down there. â€Å"That's the chapel rectory. The chapel curator lives there. She also happens to be the head of the Rosslyn Trust.† He paused. â€Å"And my grandmother.† â€Å"Your grandmother heads the Rosslyn Trust?† The young man nodded. â€Å"I live with her in the rectory and help keep up the chapel and give tours.† He shrugged. â€Å"I've lived here my whole life. My grandmother raised me in that house.† Concerned for Sophie, Langdon moved across the chapel toward the door to call out to her. He was only halfway there when he stopped short. Something the young man said just registered. My grandmother raised me. Langdon looked out at Sophie on the bluff, then down at the rosewood box in his hand. Impossible. Slowly, Langdon turned back to the young man. â€Å"You said your grandmother has a box like this one?† â€Å"Almost identical.† â€Å"Where did she get it?† â€Å"My grandfather made it for her. He died when I was a baby, but my grandmother still talks about him. She says he was a genius with his hands. He made all kinds of things.† Langdon glimpsed an unimaginable web of connections emerging. â€Å"You said your grandmother raised you. Do you mind my asking what happened to your parents?† The young man looked surprised. â€Å"They died when I was young.† He paused. â€Å"The same day as my grandfather.† Langdon's heart pounded. â€Å"In a car accident?† The docent recoiled, a look of bewilderment in his olive-green eyes. â€Å"Yes. In a car accident. My entire family died that day. I lost my grandfather, my parents, and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He hesitated, glancing down at the floor. â€Å"And your sister,† Langdon said. Out on the bluff, the fieldstone house was exactly as Sophie remembered it. Night was falling now, and the house exuded a warm and inviting aura. The smell of bread wafted through the opened screened door, and a golden light shone in the windows. As Sophie approached, she could hear the quiet sounds of sobbing from within. Through the screened door, Sophie saw an elderly woman in the hallway. Her back was to the door, but Sophie could see she was crying. The woman had long, luxuriant, silver hair that conjured an unexpected wisp of memory. Feeling herself drawn closer, Sophie stepped onto the porch stairs. The woman was clutching a framed photograph of a man and touching her fingertips to his face with loving sadness. It was a face Sophie knew well. Grand-pere. The woman had obviously heard the sad news of his death last night. A board squeaked beneath Sophie's feet, and the woman turned slowly, her sad eyes finding Sophie's. Sophie wanted to run, but she stood transfixed. The woman's fervent gaze never wavered as she set down the photo and approached the screened door. An eternity seemed to pass as the two women stared at one another through the thin mesh. Then, like the slowly gathering swell of an ocean wave, the woman's visage transformed from one of uncertainty†¦ to disbelief†¦ to hope†¦ and finally, to cresting joy. Throwing open the door, she came out, reaching with soft hands, cradling Sophie's thunderstruck face. â€Å"Oh, dear child†¦ look at you!† Although Sophie did not recognize her, she knew who this woman was. She tried to speak but found she could not even breathe. â€Å"Sophie,† the woman sobbed, kissing her forehead. Sophie's words were a choked whisper. â€Å"But†¦ Grand-pere said you were†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I know.† The woman placed her tender hands on Sophie's shoulders and gazed at her with familiar eyes. â€Å"Your grandfather and I were forced to say so many things. We did what we thought was right. I'm so sorry. It was for your own safety, princess.† Sophie heard her final word, and immediately thought of her grandfather, who had called her princess for so many years. The sound of his voice seemed to echo now in the ancient stones of Rosslyn, settling through the earth and reverberating in the unknown hollows below. The woman threw her arms around Sophie, the tears flowing faster. â€Å"Your grandfather wanted so badly to tell you everything. But things were difficult between you two. He tried so hard. There'sso much to explain. So very much to explain.† She kissed Sophie's forehead once again, then whispered in her ear. â€Å"No more secrets, princess. It's time you learn the truth about our family.† Sophie and her grandmother were seated on the porch stairs in a tearful hug when the young docent dashed across the lawn, his eyes shining with hope and disbelief. â€Å"Sophie?† Through her tears, Sophie nodded, standing. She did not know the young man's face, but as they embraced, she could feel the power of the blood coursing through his veins†¦ the blood she now understood they shared. When Langdon walked across the lawn to join them, Sophie could not imagine that only yesterday she had felt so alone in the world. And now, somehow, in this foreign place, in the company of three people she barely knew, she felt at last that she was home.