The Culture Of The Niger Delta Region Of Southern Nigeria

Task 1 Part A Identify at least two separate examples of native non-western cultures that have been impacted by globalization. The Ogoni culture indigenous non-western culture in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria attained influence from the oil industry (Unknown, UNPO, 2009). In 1956, after World War II, Shell Oil Company from Britain began searching for oil deposits in new territory, with discovery of oil in the Niger Delta, Nigeria (Unknown, UNPO, 2009). Prior to the globalization of the oil industry, the Ogoni culture, had a culture of tradition expanding over 500 years. This culture lived off the land, without the repercussions from todays modernization, laws and technology. The Ogoni culture of the Niger Delta lived in†¦show more content†¦The older generation was hesitant, but as the younger generation sought the fast food and hanging out with friend, as an experience they enjoyed. The bad eating habit impressed upon them by the western culture would make them a statistic of obesity and possible further health concerns (Li, Pang, 2012). In conclusion, the family gathering for meals w ith healthy vegetables, fish and rice transformed the upcoming generation into fast food full of high calorie, high fat fast food (Unknown, 2010), (Editor, China Retail News, 2014), (Li, Pang, 2012). Task 1 Part B1 What caused the influence? The Shell Oil Company into Nigeria from the western society Britain, profoundly influenced the Ogoni health, and culture, including the collapse of the Ogoni cultural tradition of permanent villages in which they lived together their entire lives. For instance,the oil-producing countries throughout the world were competing for top oil producer in hoping to monopolize the market before OPEC, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, put contingencies on the market (O Neill, Tom, 2007). In 1956, Shell Oil Company drilled for oil in Nigeria, land untouched by the oil industry with vast quantities of oil deposit, began drilling intensively to become the top competitors of the world oil industry. In summary, the collapse of the Ogoni culture was influenced by the Shell Oil Company finding vast deposit of oil,Show MoreRelatedNigeria And Its Impact On Nigeria1753 Words   |  8 Pages Nigeria was founded in 1963, after gaining independence from the United Kingdom, and adopted a federal presidential republic government. On its southern coast it borders the Atlantic Ocean through the Gulf of Guinea. Current President Muhammadu Buhari took power in 2015 but has been involved in Nigerian politics since the 1980s. His insights and experience really add power to his speeches when he comes out to address the issues his country is facing. 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Blood Pattern Analysis and the Chamberlain Case Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The head park ranger arrived and he was shown the blood and some torn blanket with blood on it. The remaining part was the work of the police who decided to look at the bloodstain on the clothes. Some tourists came across the baby s jumpsuit that was slightly torn. It was near a dingo s layer. The pleats were still on but it was pulled off. According to the baby s mother, she was wearing clothes that were not found. The police arrived at the scene and folded the jumpsuit. The television crew had arrived at the scene and this led to a lot of speculations on what might have happened to the baby. All the rumors and speculations initiated suspicion that the Chamberlain family might have been involved in their daughter s death. Claims from the police indicated that there were bloodstains, which matched Lindy s blood near the caves of Ayers Rock. Initially, they had also suspected that the blood at the tent could not belong to the baby (Crispin, 2012). After a few tests were conducted, i t was realized that there was enough saturation of blood, which might have resulted in the death of the baby. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Pattern Analysis and the Chamberlain Case or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page From the testimonies that were given by the blood, experts and professionals were enough to indicate that Lindy Chamberlain and her husband were involved in the murder of their daughter. However, Azaria s clothing was found four years later and was enough to make them be released. At the same time, it is official that the case will remain unsolved. From this case, it clear to understand the importance of having bloodstain analysis professionals at the scene of the crime. The involvement by unprofessional individuals might interfere with the evidence and blood spatter (Crispin, 2012).

American Foreign Policy The Civil War And The Conflict...

American foreign policy has forever been a controversial topic in international discussions. Questions regarding America’s military presence, intent and use of force have long been centers of controversy and debate. Recent American involvements in the Syrian Civil War and the conflict with ISIS have raised questions about the ethics of US involvement and her justifications for force. As ISIS began to grow stronger and the list of crimes it committed began to augment, America began to use force to combat ISIS’s growth citing legal American precedents and humanitarian urgency as the major justifications for involvement. However, critics of American involvement contend that America’s involvement violates both American and international law,†¦show more content†¦One of the more notable of these crimes was the treatment of the ethnic Yazidis. The Yazidis are an ethnic minority living in Iraq that are one of the few groups that are not Muslim, and therefore we re deemed to be infidels by ISIS dogma. In 2014, thousands of Yazidis were trapped on Mount Sinjar and were on the verge of being victims of an imminent genocide at the hands of ISIS. So President Obama carried out airstrikes against ISIS forces stating, â€Å"we have a mandate to help ... and when we have the unique capabilities to avert a massacre, then I believe the United States of America cannot turn a blind eye† (LaFranchi 2014). Aside from the humanitarian side to strike ISIS, the United States carried out airstrikes to â€Å"protect American personnel† in the region (Salman and Spetalnick, 2014). On August 8, 2014 President Obama authorized airstrikes on advancing ISIS forces to protect the â€Å"US consulate and military advising teams† stationed in Erbil (LaFranchi 2014). Notwithstanding, the Obama Administration’s most pressing reason for using military measures against ISIS is the â€Å"imminent threats to national security† that ISIS p osed to the United States (Mulrine 2014). To justify the immediate threat to national security, President Obama evoked two legal precedents as grounds for military involvement; the Authorization for Use of Military Force Act (AUMF) of 2001 and the War Powers Act. The AUMF was passed by the Bush Administration in the wake of

Interview Questions and Answers Free Essays

How are you qualified for this position? I believe that I am qualified for this position because of my knowledge and skills within the networking and database fields. I have developed these skills through previous work experiences and also by completing my bachelor’s degree program in Network Communications Management. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Interview Questions and Answers or any similar topic only for you Order Now What are your strengths? I have many strengths and skills that I have acquired through life experiences, job history, and from school. I think the major strengths that I have acquired are loyalty, dedicated work ethic, and patience. 3. What are your weaknesses? The current weakness or challenges I face in a work environment is my kindness. Sometimes people can take advantage of a person who Is too kind, which can be difficult in a work environment. I am working on resolving this problem by identifying those who are trying to take advantage of me and resolving the issue by confronting them. 4. What are your short-term goals? The most Important short-term goal right now Is to establish a great work environment where I received employment. I also want to be sure I am exceeding expectations in order to receive great responsibility and growth within the company. 5. What are your long-term goals? My long term goal is to continue to expand my knowledge in the database and networking fields. I would like to be at a place where I am able to manage and train other coworkers in order to help grow my company. 6. What can you contribute to this company? I can contribute all of the skills I have learned In my previous database and networking environments. Also, I will be sure that my work, projects, and assignments re all done professionally and in a timely matter. 7. Why are you interested In working for our firm? I am interested in growing my experiences and knowledge in the database and networking fields. I feel that this company will help nourish my skills and keep myself actively learning new technologies. 8. Why are you applying for this position? I am applying tort this position because I know that I nave what I t takes to get the work required completed. I will also be able to contribute the skills I have learned in the database and networking fields. How to cite Interview Questions and Answers, Papers

Media and Crime free essay sample

Media and Crime What is crime? A normative definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave normally. This approach considers the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime and seeks to understand how changing social, political, psychological, and economic conditions may affect changing definitions of crime and the form of the legal, law- enforcement, and penal responses made by society. These structural realities remain fluid and often contentious. For example: as cultures change and the political nvironment shifts, societies may criminalize or decriminalize certain behaviors, which will directly affect the statistical crime rates, influence the allocation of resources for the enforcement of laws, and (re-)influence the general public opinion. Similarly, changes in the collection and/or calculation of data on crime may affect the public perceptions of the extent of any given crime problem. All such adjustments to crime statistics, allied with the experience of people in their everyday lives, shape attitudes on the extent to which the State should use law or social engineering to enforce or encourage any particular social norm. We will write a custom essay sample on Media and Crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Behavior can be controlled and influenced in many ways without having to resort to the criminal Justice system. Indeed, in those cases where no clear consensus exists on a given norm, the drafting of criminal law by the group in power to prohibit the behavior of another group may seem to some observers an improper limitation of the second groups freedom, and the ordinary members of society have less respect for the law or laws in general † whether the authorities actually enforce the disputed law or not. Mass Media and Crime The relationship between the criminal Justice system and the media system has been he subject of research, speculation, and commentary throughout the twentieth century. This relationship may be understood in terms of dependency relations operative between these massive systems. Put most simply, neither the media nor the criminal Justice system could operate effectively without the other. The criminal justice system is a resource for the media system in that it affords one of the common sources of news and entertainment stories. The classical surrogate scout role of the media, whereby they monitor the environment for actual and potential threats to individual and collective welfare, affords a powerful way for the media to ttract their audiences. People must constantly update their understanding and ability to orient themselves to the environments in which they act. Media crime stories, whether the news or entertainment genre, instruct and update these understandings. Commercial media organizations translate this relationship with their audience into the profit that flows from advertisers. The media systems capacities to reach vast audiences of citizens and policymakers also positions it as an essential resource for the criminal Justice system and all of its attendant Judicial and law enforcement organizations. For the criminal Justice system to operate effectively, legitimacy, and media storytelling can profoundly affect this process. Allocation of scarce resources to the criminal Justice system also depends upon success in the struggle to get its story positively framed and widely disseminated to media audiences. These macro dependency relations serve as context for examinations of specific aspects of media, criminal Justice, public, and decision-maker relations. Research attention has been given to the dependency relations between Journalists and the police, courts, and Jails. The impact of Journalism on public perceptions of he criminal Justice system, and on public attitudes toward specific cases†including the attitudes of potential and actual Jurors†has been another frequent focus. The right of Journalists to protect sources by not disclosing their names has also come under scrutiny from time to time. While Journalism may be the media profession with the most legitimate claim to exercise influence over the criminal Justice system, it is by no means the only way the media exercise such influence. Entertainment media have also been studied and criticized for their influence over public perceptions of he people and institutions that comprise the criminal Justice system. A striking amount of television programming has in one way or another (e. g. , through comedy, mystery, drama, biography, docudrama, and soap opera) been centered on police, lawyers, Judges, criminals, and victims of crime. The effects on public attitudes and behavior that these portrayals may have brought about have received considerable research attention. Media portrayals of violence, largely in television but also in movies and†increasingly in the 1990s†recorded music, have been studied in part for their potential to inspire real-life criminal behavior. Exposure to violent media content has been argued in criminal defenses as a mitigating factor in the guilt of defendants. Since the early 1980s a television genre has emerged that is part journalism (in that it purports to deal with reality and with important subjects) and in no small part entertainment (in that it is dramatic, enhanced with music and special effects, and often includes actors playing various roles). Shows such as Cops, Americas Most Wanted, and Unsolved Mysteries combine footage of actual arrests, interviews with people involved in crimes, and other documentary information with n assortment of dramatic elements to create a new sort of quasi-Journalism scorned by professional Journalists but very popular. While not yet the focus of much research attention, the emergence of such shows is occasionally credited for a perceived decline in the quality of broadcast Journalism, which may have an indirect effect on the Justice system. Media Consumption and Public Attitude towards Crime and Justice Our society is fascinated with crime and Justice. From films, books, newspapers, Magazines, television broadcasts, to everyday conversations, we are constantly engaging in Crime talk. The mass media play an important role in the construction of criminality and the Criminal Justice system. The publics perception of victims, criminals, deviants, and law enforcement officials is largely determined by their portrayal in the mass media.

Appraising the Secretaries at City U free essay sample

Do you think that the experts recommendations will be sufficient to get most of the administrators to fill out the rating forms properly? Why? Why not? What additional actions (if any) do you think will be necessary? While controversial, the recommendations would, in fact, encourage administrators to fill the forms out correctly. Using the more detailed form and not tying the performance ratings to salary increases would allow the managers to feel more free about rating the secretaries accurately. There would, however, need to be some strong training sessions (both for administrators and secretaries) to help them understand the new system. Since all secretaries have traditionally received the same salary increases, and have been pleased with that, it would be advisable to consider lowering the maximum increase to an amount that could be given to all secretaries while staying within budget. Then all secretaries with a satisfactory rating or better would receive that increase. We will write a custom essay sample on Appraising the Secretaries at City U or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The experts recommended several things: 1. Change the form used to rate the secretaries and use a more clear and specific form : a sample graphic rating form. It is the most popular method that lists traits and performance values for each trait. The administrator then has to check the score that best describes the performance for each trait. 2. The VP should not force the administrators to rate at least half their secretaries as something less than excellent. 3. The appraisal should not be linked to salary increases. Salary increases should be made on another basis than the performance appraisal. If the form used to rate the secretaries is changed, administrators will need an explanation and a training to fill in the new form. They must be familiar with the techniques and the new form. They also need to understand and avoid problems related to appraisals. (Dessler Huat, 2009) It is indeed a good idea to change the appraisal form. With the sample graphic rating is usefull when appraising performance on the actual job duties. In this case the administrator can assess how well the secretary exercised each duty. The old graphic rating scale with unclear standards can cause a lot of problems. It results in unfair appraisals because the traits and degrees of merit are ambiguous. To fix this problem, is to include more descriptive phrases as the experts recommended. The VP should also consider the appraisal of the secretaries by someone else than the administrators. It could be a peer appraisal or even self-rating. 2 Do you think that the Vice President would be better off dropping graphic rating forms, substituting instead one of the other techniques we discussed in this chapter such as a ranking method? Why? Certainly other methods could be used. He has already had a taste of what would result if he went to a forced distribution or other ranking method. A BARS system might be best, but it could be costly to develop if the clerical staff has positions that are significantly different. Ranking methods compare one employee to another, resulting in an ordering of employees in relation to one another. It results in an overall assessment of employees and is not specific to certain job components. Ranking is not the best options. Even if everyone performs well someone will still end up at the bottom. That is not fair and will not push the secretaries to do better. For the administrators it can be very difficult to make this kind of discriminations. (Performance Appraisal Methods) Forced distribution is a method of performance appraisal to rank employee but in order of forced distribution. For example, the distribution requested with 10 or 20 percent in the top category, 70 or 80 percent in the middle, and 10 percent in the bottom. The advantages are that they force reluctant managers to make difficult decisions and identify the most and least talented secretaries. It sustains a high performance culture in which the workforce continuously improves. But there are also disadvantages. It can create a big and unhealthy competitiveness and besides discourage collaboration and teamwork. (Ngo) 3 What performance appraisal system would you develop for the secretaries if you were the Vice President? Defend your answer. If the development costs are not too great, the BARS system would give the strongest solution to the current situation. The behavioral anchors would make it more difficult to just rate everyone at the top. It would also help to eliminate the different interpretations of what the rating scales mean. In my opinion, the BARS system is the best solution for the appraisal of the secretaries. The method bases evaluations on specific behaviors required for each individual position in an individual company. It will not be easy to implement the BARS method. First an in-depth study must be done in order to describe and understand all the tasks performed by the secretaries. Second, you will have to know and understand the full range of behaviors an individual can have in carrying out these tasks. Then you will have to rate these behaviors. Finally, the result is a rating scale for each task. (Lloyd) The advantages are that it is behaviorally based and easy to use. Moreover it is individualized, it is designed uniquely for every position in the company. Because it is action-oriented, employees can easily take steps to improve their performance. (Cocanougher Ivancevich, 1978) Nevertheless, there are some drawbacks. The process of creating the BARS system is time-consuming and expensive. It also needs a high maintenance because jobs change over time. For the managers it is a lot of work, they need detailed information regarding the actions of their employees. (Cocanougher Ivancevich, 1978) Despite the negative points, I think that the VP should implement this system in our case.

Outline the principle strengths and weaknesses of accounting and business research. The WritePass Journal

Outline the principle strengths and weaknesses of accounting and business research. Abstract: Outline the principle strengths and weaknesses of accounting and business research. Abstract:Introduction:Research method:  Case I company:Case I data:Case II company:Case II data:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Method used:        Ã‚  Case IFirst phase:Second phase:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case IIStrengths:Weaknesses:References:  Related Abstract: This project/essay is broadly based on a research article â€Å"The management of accounting number: case study evidence from the crash of an airline† by Ann Jorissen and David Otiey (2009 publishing date) and â€Å"Earnings quality in ex-post failed firms† by Juan Manuel Garcà ­a Lara, Beatriz Garcà ­a Osma and Evi Neophytou (December 2008 publishing date). Main body is mostly concentrated on the research methods used and the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches and the methodologies used by the researchers in these empirical papers. Introduction: The empirical papers which I have chosen for â€Å"accounting and business research† have done research on an â€Å"airline company† {Case I} and â€Å"bankrupt firms† {Case II} and they have conducted several interview, used multi-theory method (upper-echelons, power-circulation strategic choice) and sampling method many models to justify there research respectively. Research method:   Case I company:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The researchers had selected SA irgroup (former Swiss Air) as there case company to study process and mechanism triggering to manipulation of accounting numbers. Case I data:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interview of different ex-employees was conducted and different categories of archival data were used by researchers like: i.  Bonus and stock option plan SA ir-Executives 1997-2000; ii. Bonus and stock option plan Sabena Executives 1999-2000: etc was used. Case II company: The researchers selected a junk of companies of UK by sampling method which had gone bankrupt and had data available in FAME entering bankruptcy 1998-2204 or continuing firms which had full data available in FAME 1995-2004. Case II data:   Ã‚  The data used by researchers was taken from the FAME.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Method used:         Ã‚  Case I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They analyzed data in two phases wherein embedded design was employed which implied multiple levels of analysis (Eisenhardt, 1989). They had adopted interview method for there research but also included archival data. There research was based on both accounting as well as management perspective. First phase: In the first stage they arranged data in chronological order and reviewed all internal and external data available. Herein they analyzed data in directionality of the relationships assumed in traditional accounting research. They used a multiple case approach by considering each investment of the SA irgroup in a foreign airline. Each case they analyzed served to confirm inferences drawn from the analysis of the choices made in relation to the SA irgroups first investment in Sabena (Yin, 2003). The collection of data on all accounting and real choices with regard to all events and transactions would involve an immense amount of data so they used â€Å"disaggregated approach†. Second phase:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The analysis in second phase is based on theories like upper-echelons, strategic choice and power circulation. Then by combining results of the both phases they could explain more about the directionality between the different variables, one employed in financial misrepresentation and the other employed to create the necessary discretion to engage in managing accounting numbers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case II In the first stage they collected all data they needed for the research via sampling method and then they used â€Å"working capital version† model of Jones (1991). They used this model first because research had indicated that management had more discretion over current accruals and moreover manipulation of long-term accruals such as depreciation was unlikely due to their high visibility low flexibility (Becker et al 1998; Young, 1999). After working capital version model they used â€Å"modified jones model† which works on the assumption that revenues are not discretionary i.e. the model disregards that managers also engage in real activities manipulation. The next model which they have used was â€Å"Kasznik model† (1999). The model incorporates the change in operating cash flow as an explanatory variable to account for the negative correlation between accruals and cash flows. The formula to obtain a measure of abnormal working capital according to Kasznik model is as under: Where, WCA is working capital accruals, ΔREV is change in sales, ΔCFO is change in cash flow from operations and TA are total assets, and t is the time period indicator. Next, for each firm, we calculate abnormal working capital accruals (AWCA) as follows: Where, à ¢0,à ¢1 andà ¢2 are the fitted industry-coefficients from equation. After Kasznik model they used Chariton et.al (2004) model to calculate the ex-ante one-year-ahead probability of bankruptcy of all failed firms. The formula what they used to calculate it is as under: Where, Pjt (Y = 1) is the probability of failure for entity j at the end of year t. The next model they used was of Roychowdhury (2006) Ball and Shiva kumar (2005). The earlier model was used to analyze the existence of real activities manipulation. Herein was focus was on sales manipulation. The later model was used to measure the different recognition speed of economics gains and losses in earnings by using time series accruals based measures of conditional conservatism. Strengths:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case I  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case II   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inclusion of both perspective i.e. accounting management (multiple methods) helped them for understanding the process of financial misrepresentation while as previous studies used accounting perspective only which couldn’t give much clarifications of the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚   ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This multi-theory perspective allowed them to discover various additional elements of discretion on top of the variables used in the extant literature.   iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to me face-to-face interviews as conducted by the researchers is that the answer of the interviewee is more spontaneous, without any extended reflection and manipulation.   iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This disaggregated approach has the potential advantage of yielding precise, directional predictions based on the researches understanding and Analysis of how decision-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   makers trade off the incentives associated with the accounting object of the study (Francis, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚   v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest advantage what these researchers had was having access to group’s internal information which helped a lot in carrying out there researches and justifying there conclusions. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚     Jones working capital modified model could analyze a proxy for manipulation capturing only pure accounting manipulation a proxy that pools together accounting and real activities manipulation.b)  Ã‚   By using UK sample they were advantageous as the insolvency code are allowed for a wider definition of bankruptcy, with different implications, than in the US (Franks et al 1996; Bradbury, 2007). c)  Ã‚  Ã‚   The best part of sampling method is that it is straightforward and probably the simplest method and is usually unbiased. d)  Ã‚   There access to FAME database and deriving data regarding bankrupt companies made an ease in making assessment of these and setting up there research. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚     Since the researchers have selected or used purposive sampling wherein probability of getting astray is minimum and variance is low in this case of sampling.    Weaknesses:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case II Interview is a complex and demanding technique (Frey Oishi 1995:02 ) An unusual degree of trust is likely to lead to willingness on the part of the subjects to answer the questions carefully and with validity. This is especially advantageous when the questions are of a sensitive nature (Lull 1990:53). Personal bias may b involved in interview method or understanding factor may become hindrance. According to me data taken by the researchers was too big in size so accuracy of the result was at stake. Sampling method can lead to the consequences of redundancy and thus hampering the accuracy of the result. Using data from data base is complex method and time consuming.    Impact of methodology on my dissertation: The methods used by the researchers to conduct there research i.e. â€Å"sampling† and â€Å"interview† and then applying different models and methodologies to derive the results or elaborate there research gave a perfect insight as to how a research should be conducted and then concluded. But I would like to go for â€Å"interview†, â€Å"available public information† and â€Å"questionnaire† method for my dissertation in coming months which would be on â€Å"Development in Banking sector in Kashmir† most probably. According to me interview method of collecting information is one of the best as the interviewee has very less time to respond and cannot manipulate answers so quickly in his brain and moreover interview method can help in extracting much internal information if the interviewer has those tactics and attitude of extracting as much information as possible. The questionnaire method gives an insight regarding what people or what the s ubject think about the given topic or question, it is one of the easiest methods and helps in figuring out the situation or the subject opinion from there point of view and this method would be the most important for my dissertation. Excess to public information and internal information will give positiveness to the dissertation because sometimes these information’s contain very important elements which throw light on various aspects which one researcher is looking for. I would try to rectify all disadvantages of the methods and apply then on my dissertation. References:   â€Å"Basic statistics for business and economics† by Paul G Hoel and Raymond J. jessen Ball, R. and Shivakumar L. (2005). ‘Earnings quality in UK private firms: comparative loss recognition timeliness’. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(1):83–128. â€Å"Elementary business statistics: the modern approach† by Freud and Williams â€Å"Earnings quality in ex-post failed firms† by Juan Manuel Garcà ­a Lara, Beatriz Garcà ­a Osma and Evi Neophytou (2008) http://ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk:3114/eds/detail?hid=22sid=2644bf2b-4378-4ae6-bb5f-e0d067d1ee89%40sessionmgr12vid=1bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=buhAN=39883573 Frey Oishi (1995:02) â€Å" how to conduct interviews by telephone in person† aber.ac.uk/media/students/aeo9702.html Jones, J. J. (1991). ‘Earnings management during import relief investigations’. Journal of Accounting Research, 29(2): 193–228. Lull, James (1990) â€Å" Inside family viewing†; London Routledge Roychowdhury, S. (2006). â€Å"Management of earnings through the manipulation of real activities that affect cash flow from operations† Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42(3): 335–370. â€Å"The management of accounting number: case study evidence from the crash of an airline† by Ann Jorissen and David Otiey (2009) http://ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk:3114/eds/detail?hid=22sid=1db6a896-b761-43fb-8f14-c493473c5b2f%40sessionmgr15vid=1bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=buhAN=48633863